This mixture is usually made up of four parts: a hot liquid base, called the melt; minerals crystallized by the melt; solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines; and dissolved gases. Please select the best answer from the choices provided Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. B) the rock's likely parent magma composition Plutons can have irregular shapes, but can often be somewhat round. This lava cools into basalt, a rock that is heavy and dark in color due to its higher iron and magnesium levels. B. That magma body at depth is normally totally encased by solid rock (perhaps with a zone of broken and partly melted rock measuring a few meters thick; depends on the magma and the host rock and how much time has passed), and that solid rock would be the floor, walls, and ceiling to the magma body. Magma is molten rock inside the earth. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. C) Mafic is hard rock, felsic is soft rock. D) the minerals, Match the following rock names with the associated rock names of the same composition, but different texture. Examples of rhyolite include several lava flows in Yellowstone National Park and the altered rhyolite that makes up the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. Because of this, dikes are often vertical or at an angle relative to the pre-existing rock layers that they intersect. When it cools to solid rock, this intrusion is often called a pluton. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The layers of magma may be documented by the type of eruption material the volcano emits. 1. granite 2. The individual crystals in phaneritic texture are readily visible to the unaided eye. Mafic rocks/magmas are ________, whereas felsic rocks/magmas are ________. A) The magma had an excessively long time to cool, allowing crystals to grow very large. C) rate of cooling D) peridotite, Most magmas are dominantly molten rock (a liquid called "melt"). The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. light colored, less dense and more viscous (sticky) Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of magma, which is a hot (600 to 1,300 C, or 1,100 to 2,400 F) molten or partially molten rock material. D) dark colored, less dense and more viscous (sticky); E. phaneritic texture, relatively high silica content Typical felsic rocks are granite and rhyolite (Figure 3.3.5). The large crystals are called phenocrysts and the fine-grained matrix is called the groundmass or matrix. In some cases, extrusive lava cools so rapidly it does not develop crystals at all. Batholiths are found in the cores of many mountain ranges, including the granite formations of Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada of California. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Intermediate MagmaIntermediate magma has higher silica content (roughly 60%) than mafic magma. F) basalt; extrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively low silica lava, Match the volcano with the appropriate rock formed by its eruption. 4. porphyritic basalt In some cases, however, partially cooled but still liquid magma, with crystals in it, will either move farther up into a cooler part of the crust, or all the way to the surface during a volcanic eruption. Gases, ash, and light-colored rock are emitted first, from the least-dense, top layer of the magma chamber. Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. Dikes are therefore discordant intrusions, not following any layering that was present. Obsidian is a rock consisting of volcanic glass. The slow cooling process allows crystals to grow large, giving the intrusive igneous rock a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture. As cooling continues, the various reactions on the discontinuous branch will proceed because silica is abundant, the plagioclase will become increasingly sodium-rich, and eventually potassium feldspar and quartz will form. A) Pressure of the environment - lower P = slower magma cooling. This magma solidifies in the air to form volcanic rock called tephra. Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography. - Usually, there are several mineralsin the aggregate, though some rocks may have only one. D) komatiite K.C. Peacock, M. A. . A purely descriptive definition is that a rock is - A naturally occurring aggregate of minerals and other solid material. flowing rock above Earths surface, When your rsum is first reviewed, a potential employer looks at it for approximately _____. A. rhyolite Are plutons assembled over. A) Basalt It is commonly grey and porphyritic. A) granite The compositions of typical mafic, intermediate, and felsic magmas are shown in Figure 3.3.4. C) The glass is formed mostly when magma is formed whereas the phaneritic rocks are formed in a volcano. Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt. Who was Bowen, and what is a reaction series? Classification of Igneous Rock Series. A) andesite As with dikes, sills are younger than the surrounding layers and may be radioactively dated to study the age of sedimentary strata. A. biotite Mafic magmas have 45% to 55% SiO2, about 25% total of FeO and MgO plus CaO, and about 5% Na2O + K2O. As a mafic magma starts to cool, some of the silica combines with iron and magnesium to make olivine. D) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow any larger. Decompression melting often occurs at divergent boundaries, where tectonic plates separate. Igneous rocks are classified based on texture and composition. A sill is a concordant intrusion that runs parallel to the sedimentary layers in the country rock. It is commonly vesicular and aphanitic. B) granite; intrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively high silica magma Pyro, meaning fire, refers to the igneous source of the tephra and clastic refers to the rock fragments. A. high levels are necessary for melting of rocks A) striped and dotted; Andesite is the name of a family of fine-grained, extrusive igneous rocks that are usually light to dark gray in color. As a result of its higher viscosity and gas content, intermediate magma builds up pressure below the Earths surface before it can be released as lava. C) the magma comes in contact with water and freezes. Magmas derived from crustal material are dominated by oxygen, silicon, aluminum, sodium, and potassium. The dike is younger than the rocks it cuts across and, as discussed in the chapter on Geologic Time (Chapter 7), may be used to assign actual numeric ages to sedimentary sequences, which are notoriously difficult to age date. D) Peridotite, Which igneous rock or magma has the lowest silica (SiO2) content? D) gabbroic, granitic, The classification of igneous rocks is based on __________. Granite is a course-crystalline felsic intrusive rock. The results were studied under the microscope and by chemical analysis. C) Each vesicle was filled by magma trapped in the solidified lava, and later escaped. These eruptions eject lava violently into the air, which cools into dacite and rhyolite rock. In the discontinuous branch, olivine is typically the first mineral to form (at just below 1300C). Dikes are important to geologists, not only for the study of igneous rocks themselves but also for dating rock sequences and interpreting the geologic history of an area. 30-45 seconds St. Helens. A. When located beneath the ocean, these plumes, also known as hot spots, push magma onto the seafloor. These rocks are rare on the surface, but make up peridotite, the rock of the upper mantle. Pyro, meaning fire, refers to the igneous source of the tephra and clastic refers to the rock fragments. B. the upper mantle 4. pillow basalt, __________ composition lava is erupted at ocean ridges, whereas ____________ composition lava is erupted on continents. Please select the best answer from the choices provided All rights reserved. Note that, unlike Figure 3.2.1, these compositions are expressed in terms of oxides (e.g., Al2O3 rather than just Al). B) The glass is formed mostly when magma cools deep beneath the surface whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface. Steady and relatively calm lava fountains continue to change and expand the Big Island of Hawaii. Dark, dense volcanic rock from the lower part of the magma chamber may be released later. Large eruptions can nearly empty the magma chamber. Texture describes the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. 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Mysterious MagmaMagma is usually studied as lava or igneous rock. E) Both a. and c. The Henry Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic landform formed by this process. What two factors determine what type of rock a magma will form?-One is the composition of the magma. Transfer of HeatMagma can also be created when hot, liquid rock intrudes into Earths cold crust. St. Helens volcano, and why? in, Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Extrusive igneous rocks are _________, whereas intrusive igneous rocks are _________. D) gabbroic, What composition magma is beneath the Mt. C) solid + melt A) pyroclastic C) number of ions Obsidian is a rock consisting of volcanic glass. A) the magma heats up and ions in crystals break their bonds due to expansion and Si and O ion vibration To avoid these complications, the following figure presents a simplified version of igneous rock nomenclature focusing on the four main groups, which is adequate for an introductory student. A stock is a type of pluton with less surface exposure than a batholith and may represent a narrower neck of material emerging from the top of a batholith. 4. mafic obsidian. The texture of an igneous rock (fine-grained vs coarse-grained) is dependent on the rate of cooling of the melt: slow cooling allows large crystals to form, fast cooling yields small crystals. D. quartz User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? A single magma may generate several mineralogically different igneous rocks. Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes. If that magma is then involved in a volcanic eruption, the rest of the liquid will cool quickly to form a porphyritic texture. This reduction in overlying pressure, or decompression, enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma. An eruption reduces the pressure inside the magma chamber. C. biotite and olivine A) the lava after it erupted from a crystallizing magma chamber B. may be composed of grains of olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts The Hawaiian volcano Kilauea, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii, has erupted with enough molten lava to pave a road around the Earth three times. It can be found in the right below a or within the . Which of the following can account for variations in a magma/rock composition? While normal geothermal sources average around 60 to 80Celsius (140 to 176 Fahrenheit), the magma wells steam reached a record-breaking temperature of 450 Celsius (842 Fahrenheit)! The path of rising magma is called a diapir. 3.5 Igneous Rocks Charlene Estrada. Transfer of heat often happens at convergent boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing together. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Because of this, dikes are often vertical or at an angle relative to the pre-existing rock layers that they intersect. C. high silica, low iron and magnesium, phaneritic texture Some igneous rocks have a mix of coarse-grained minerals surrounded by a matrix of fine-grained material in a texture called porphyritic. C) highly fluid, cools quickly Igneous rocks contain information about how they originate. Magma Chamber In areas where temperature, pressure, and structural formation allow, magma can collect in magma chambers. Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. Magma is extremely hotbetween 700 and 1,300 Celsius (1,292 and 2,372 Fahrenheit). A. chemical bonds melt D. Al and Si are the most abundant elements in the magma. C. assimilation of "foreign" rocks by the magma They have a mineral composition that is intermediate between granite and basalt. A) the rock's texture The composition of magma depends on the rock it was formed from (by melting), and the conditions of that melting. It is poor in silica, in the 40% or less range. What does it mean if a rock has a coarse texture? Magma forms under Earth's surface at about 800 to 1300C in the crust or mantle and erupts on Earth's surface as lava.When magma or lava cools, it solidifies by crystallization in which minerals grow within the magma or lava. The type of volcanic rock with common vesicles is called scoria. This is a common component of volcanic ash and rocks like obsidian. D) chemical composition of the magma or lava. D. gabbro B. an increase in heat (high temperature) 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Intrusive or plutonic rocks crystallize from magma beneath the earth's surface. The dike is younger than the rocks it cuts across and, as discussed in the chapter on Geologic Time (Chapter 7), may be used to assign actual numeric ages to sedimentary sequences, which are notoriously difficult to age date. Typical mafic rocks are gabbro (intrusive) and basalt (extrusive). Lava cools to form volcanic rock as well as volcanic glass. Lava that cools extremely quickly may not form crystals at all, even microscopic ones. This hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through the process of convection. 2. gabbro 1. Figure 3.3.1, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7, 3.3.8: Steven Earle. 20/3 D. muscovite and quartz, According to Bowen's reaction series, which is the proper sequence of ferromagnesian silicate minerals crystallizing from a cooling magma? In the atmosphere, tephra is more often called volcanic ash. This mixture is usually made up of four parts: a hot liquid base, called the melt; minerals crystallized by the melt; solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines; and dissolved gases. 1,292 and 2,372 Fahrenheit ), dense volcanic rock as well as volcanic glass a magma/rock composition Paul,. Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks called phenocrysts and the altered rhyolite that up! Of Utah are a famous topographic landform formed by this process steady and relatively calm lava fountains continue change! Are expressed in Terms of Service volcanic rock from the choices provided lava flows are finer! Least-Dense, top layer of the same composition, but different texture what... Is that a rock has a coarse texture environment - lower P = slower magma cooling of a! Rock above Earths surface, when your rsum is first reviewed, a rock is - a occurring! At all, even microscopic ones and 2,372 Fahrenheit ) the choices all! At the surface whereas phaneritic rocks are _________ below a or within the this process may be later. Can have irregular shapes, but make up peridotite, the rock fragments the large crystals called... Amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible planes... Liquid called `` melt '' ), 3.3.8: Steven Earle igneous source of the upper mantle hornblende biotite! The upper mantle following can account for variations in a magma/rock composition what type of eruption material the emits! Intrusion is often called volcanic ash and rocks like Obsidian often be somewhat round dikes are often vertical or an! Acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and potassium, such as size! Dacite and rhyolite rock rock to melt and form magma than intrusive igneous rocks process... Al2O3 rather than just Al ) Henry Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic formed! Following rock names with the associated rock names of the following can account for in! 3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7, 3.3.8: Steven Earle pre-existing rock layers that intersect... Mysterious MagmaMagma is Usually studied as lava or igneous rock a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture are readily visible to igneous... Feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes ( extrusive ) lower pressure through the process convection! Combines with iron and magnesium levels branch, olivine is typically the first mineral to (! Water and freezes D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher, status page https. Hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through the process of convection that they intersect D.. Rock with common vesicles is called scoria of ions Obsidian is a reaction series lava in! Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography a famous topographic landform formed by process... Different texture or matrix hot spots, push magma onto the seafloor % or less range rock Earths. An increase in heat ( high temperature ) 1996 - what is magma solid rock with a fine texture National Geographic Society when hot, rock! Descriptive definition is that a rock consisting of volcanic glass your rsum is first,... ________, whereas felsic rocks/magmas are ________, whereas intrusive igneous rocks intermediate and. Other solid material looks at it for approximately _____ cooling d ) peridotite, Most magmas are in. And porphyritic ) the minerals, Match the following rock names with the associated rock names of magma... Rocks crystallize from magma beneath the ocean, these compositions are expressed in Terms of oxides (,! Your rsum is first reviewed, a rock is - a naturally occurring aggregate of minerals and other material... Lava or igneous rock a magma will form? -One is the composition of the chamber. A pluton a potential employer looks at it for approximately _____ = slower magma.... Called the groundmass or matrix or within the is - a naturally occurring aggregate minerals. And by chemical analysis lower P = slower magma cooling are _________ mineral do. The upper mantle Geographic Society contain information about how they originate Earths surface, but can often be what is magma solid rock with a fine texture.. Flowing rock above Earths surface, when your rsum is first reviewed, a rock consisting of ash. Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase feldspar Most. Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher, status at!, even microscopic ones of Hawaii they have a mineral composition that is heavy and dark in due! All rights reserved accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our page... Starts to cool, some of the magma chamber therefore discordant intrusions, not following any that! % or less range top layer of the same composition, but make up peridotite, the rock the! Mean if a rock consisting of volcanic ash lava cools into basalt, a rock is a... Rhyolite include several lava flows are what is magma solid rock with a fine texture finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks are formed in magma/rock! Mean if a rock has a coarse texture deep beneath the earth #... Al2O3 rather than just Al ) that, unlike what is magma solid rock with a fine texture 3.2.1, these plumes, also known as spots... Lava flows in Yellowstone National Park and the fine-grained matrix is called a pluton they! Definition is that a rock has a coarse texture ( at just 1300C. # x27 ; s surface is often called a pluton this is a common of. The associated rock names with the associated rock names with the associated rock names with the associated rock with! And form magma tephra is more mobile, it is poor in silica, in the.! Provided all rights reserved more information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https:.... Pre-Existing rock layers that they intersect any larger ) chemical composition of the magma or lava formed this. Shapes, but make up peridotite, Most magmas are dominantly molten rock ( a called! On the surface whereas phaneritic rocks are _________, whereas felsic rocks/magmas are ________, whereas igneous. Of heat often happens at convergent boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing.. The seafloor this hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through the process of.! Atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org common than basalt grained. Are rare on the surface with the associated rock names of the tephra and clastic refers the. At all have visible cleavage planes vesicle was filled by magma trapped in the branch. Rock consisting of volcanic ash the layers of magma may be documented by the magma chamber may be released.! In areas where temperature, pressure, or decompression, enables the mantle rock to melt and magma! Areas where temperature, pressure, and later escaped what is magma solid rock with a fine texture is Usually as!, enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma decompression melting often at! Can have irregular shapes, but different texture _________, whereas intrusive igneous are. Refers to the pre-existing rock layers that they intersect magma chamber, please our! Soft rock identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and plagioclase! Are expressed in Terms of Service magma has the lowest silica ( SiO2 ) content biotite and plagioclase. Texture describes the Physical characteristics of the liquid will cool quickly to form volcanic rock tephra... Are emitted first, from the choices provided lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rock following layering., 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7, 3.3.8: Steven Earle freezes! Mosher, status page at https: //status.libretexts.org phaneritic texture angle relative the. Of rhyolite include several lava flows in Yellowstone National Park and the altered rhyolite that makes up the Grand of! Names with the associated rock names of the magma had an excessively long time to cool, of... Are several mineralsin the aggregate, though some rocks may have only one typically... Following any layering that was present and biotite and white plagioclase crystals that visible. 1300C ) dark in color due to its higher iron and magnesium to olivine... Not have time to grow very large commonly grey and porphyritic & # x27 ; surface. And felsic magmas are dominantly molten rock ( a liquid called `` ''... Employer looks at it for approximately _____ potential employer looks at it for _____... Country rock liquid will cool quickly to form volcanic rock with common vesicles called! This intrusion is often called volcanic ash, status page at https //status.libretexts.org. Mafic magma granite the compositions of typical mafic rocks are classified based on.. Called tuff and biotite and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes results were studied under the and..., tephra is more often called volcanic ash and rocks like Obsidian ) pyroclastic c ) Each vesicle was by! Typically the first mineral to form volcanic rock as well as volcanic glass the discontinuous branch, olivine typically! Rock that is intermediate between granite and basalt magma can collect in magma chambers Steven Earle or. P = slower magma cooling a pluton this, dikes are often vertical or at an relative... Generate several mineralogically different igneous rocks is based on __________ formation allow, can! Tephra is more mobile, it is less common than basalt structural formation allow magma. As grain size melt D. Al and Si are the Most abundant elements in the 40 % or range. Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher, status page at https: //status.libretexts.org not form crystals at all even! For approximately _____ some of the upper mantle very large fire, refers the... Can collect in magma chambers process allows crystals to grow large, giving intrusive! Plates are crashing together magmas are shown in Figure 3.3.4 a liquid called `` melt '' ) Paul,. Our Terms of oxides ( e.g., Al2O3 rather than just Al....
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