[196] Macmillan told his Foreign Secretary, Lord Home "there is no reason for us to help the Americans with Cuba". [250]:27 In a celebrated speech he wondered aloud where such theories had come from: Was it America? John Hunt. [218], By the early 1960s, many were starting to find Macmillan's courtly and urbane Edwardian manners anachronistic, and satirical journals such as Private Eye and the television show That Was the Week That Was mercilessly mocked him as a doddering, clueless leader. 10 February 1894 29 December 1986", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, "Catalogue of the papers of Harold Macmillan, 18891987 now online", "Honoree:Search Awards:University Honors & Awards:Indiana University", "Britain's Harold Macmillan to Meet with President Eisenhower the Day After Visiting DePauw DePauw University", "Harold Macmillan and the "Golden Days" of AngloAmerican Relations Revisited, 195763", Annotated Bibliography for Harold Macmillan from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, contributions in Parliament by Harold Macmillan, 8 June 1958 speech on "Interdependence" at DePauw University, 1968 Britain's Harold Macmillan Makes Return Visit to DePauw, Calls for New Rapprochement, Bodleian Library Suez Crisis Fiftieth Anniversary Exhibition, Portraits of Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, "Archival material relating to Harold Macmillan", Newspaper clippings about Harold Macmillan, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply, Minister of Local Government and Planning, Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire, 1960 University of Oxford Chancellor election, 1963 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours, Foreign Secretaries of the United Kingdom, Defence Secretaries of the United Kingdom, Organisations associated with the Conservative Party, Conservative National Property Advisory Committee, European Conservatives and Reformists Party, European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance, Minister for Coordination of Transport, Fuel and Power, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&oldid=1141490783, 20th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom, British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs, Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom, Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies, Conservative Party prime ministers of the United Kingdom, Fellows of the Royal Society (Statute 12), Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Ministers in the Churchill caretaker government, 1945, Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 19401945, Ministers in the Eden government, 19551957, Ministers in the Macmillan and Douglas-Home governments, 19571964, Ministers in the third Churchill government, 19511955, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [66], Macmillan voted against the Government in the Norway Debate, helping to bring down Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister, and tried to join in with Colonel Josiah Wedgwood singing "Rule, Britannia!" Macmillan's decision led to increased demands on the Windscale and (subsequently) Calder Hall nuclear plants to produce plutonium for military purposes. He silenced the klaxon on the Prime Ministerial car, which Eden had used frequently. Macmillan had a number of meetings with US Ambassador Winthrop Aldrich, in which he said that if he were Prime Minister the US Administration would find him much more amenable. [40] As was common for contemporary former officers, he continued to be known as 'Captain Macmillan' until the early 1930s and was listed as such in every General Election between 1923 and 1931. She did feel very bitter about that and resented it desperately. He was known by the nickname 'Supermac,' owing to his charismatic attributes. Macmillan failed to heed a warning from Secretary of State John Foster Dulles that whatever the British government did should wait until after the US presidential election on 6 November, and failed to report Dulles' remarks to Eden. He loved her - and in any case, divorce was unthinkable for both family and political reasons. He then returned to the front lines in France. 'Windscale: Britain's Biggest Nuclear Disaster', broadcast on Monday, 8 October 2007, at 2100 BST on BBC Two. [142] Macmillan was especially close to his three private secretaries, Tom Bligh, Freddie Bishop and Philip de Zulueta, who were his favourite advisers. Although Macmillan played an important role in drafting the "Industrial Charter" ("Crossbencher" in the Sunday Express called it the second edition of The Middle Way) he now, as MP for a safe seat, adopted a somewhat more right-wing public persona, defending private enterprise and fiercely opposing the Labour government in the House of Commons. For these reasons, Kennedy was adamant that if the United States intervened in Laos, then he expected the United Kingdom to likewise do so. He was "unique in the affection of the British people". . [175], Britain's balance of payments problems led Chancellor Selwyn Lloyd to impose a seven-month wage freeze in 1961[176] and, amongst other factors, this caused the government to lose popularity and a series of by-elections in March 1962, of which the most famous was Orpington on 14 March. September 1957 Lord Hailsham succeeds Lord Home as Lord President, Home remaining Commonwealth Relations Secretary. Jean McSorley, 'Contaminated evidence: The secrecy and political cover-ups that followed the fire in a British nuclear reactor 50 years ago still resonate in public concerns'. We used to have battles and rows but they were quarrels. Kennedy wanted to avoid the charge that the United States would be acting unilaterally in Southeast Asia if it did intervene in Laos and because Britain was a member of SEATO and he would face domestic criticism if the United States was the only SEATO member to fight in Laos. [70] Though a junior minister he was a member of the Privy Council, and he spoke in the House of Commons for Colonial Secretaries Lord Moyne and Lord Cranborne. [263] The Prince of Wales sent a wreath "in admiring memory". [35] However, at the end of 1918 Macmillan joined the Guards Reserve Battalion at Chelsea Barracks for "light duties". The publishing firm remained in family hands until a majority share was purchased in 1995 by the Holtzbrinck Publishing Group; the imprint, however, persists. [109] Campbell also suggests that Harold Wilson's image change during Macmillan's premiership from "boring young statistician into lovable Yorkshire comic" was made in conscious imitation of Macmillan.[72]. He advocated cheap money and state direction of investment. Nigel Fisher tells an anecdote of how Macmillan initially greeted him to his house leaning on a stick, but later walked and climbed steps perfectly well, twice acting lame again and fetching his stick when he remembered his "act". Harold Macmillan attended Summer Fields School, Oxfordshire in 1903; Eton College, from 1906, and Balliol College, Oxford, 1912-1914, where he read Classics. "[260][261], On receiving the news, Thatcher hailed him as "a very remarkable man and a very great patriot", and said that his dislike of "selling the family silver" had never come between them. He saw the European Communities as a continental arrangement primarily between France and Germany, and if Britain joined, France's role would diminish. [206], The Indonesian president Sukarno strongly objected to the new federation, claiming on somewhat dubious grounds that all of Malaysia should be included in Indonesia. Within months they were engaged. When Skybolt was unilaterally cancelled by US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Macmillan negotiated with President Kennedy the purchase of Polaris missiles under the Nassau agreement in December 1962. [43] Dick Leonard reports that Alistair Horne refers to "inevitable rumours" and that "he left for the 'usual reasons' for boys to be expelled from public schools".[44]. In particular, the railway system must be modelled to meet current needs, and the modernisation plan must be adapted to this new shape",[note 1] and with the premise that the railways should be run as a profitable business. Eden appointed Duff Cooper as Representative to the Free French government in Algeria (after the liberation of mainland France, he later continued as Ambassador to France from November 1944) and Noel Charles as Ambassador to Italy to reduce Macmillan's influence. In old age, Macmillan was a close friend of Ava Anderson, Viscountess Waverley, ne Bodley (18961973), the widow of John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley. [143], He was nicknamed "Supermac" in 1958 by the cartoonist "Vicky" (Victor Weisz), who intended to suggest that Macmillan was trying set himself up as a "Superman" figure. Some people have protested that those in authority over us should be open to public scrutiny. A family rumour that Boothby was her natural father has been discounted by the most recent and detailed study. Lady Dorothy was a dutiful political wife and the couple remained together (despite her long-lasting affair with Conservative politician Robert Boothby)[citation needed] until her death from a heart attack at the Macmillan family estate at Birch Grove, West Sussex, in 1966. Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged in, Please refresh your browser to be logged in, The Prime Minister, his wife and her lover: Dorothy Macmillan had an, Extra 20% off selected fashion and sportswear at Very, Up to 20% off and extra perks with Booking.com Genius membership, $6 off a $50+ order with this AliExpress discount code, 15% off selected items using this eBay discount code, Compare broadband packages side by side to find the best deal for you, Compare cheap broadband deals from providers with fastest speed in your area, All you need to know about fibre broadband, Best Apple iPhone Deals in the UK February 2023, Compare iPhone contract deals and get the best offer this February, Compare the best mobile phone deals from the top networks and brands. The love affairs and so on went on just the same as they do today - the difference was, people didn't rat on each other. However, the National Incomes Commission (NIC, known as "Nicky"), set up in October 1962 to institute controls on income as part of his growth-without-inflation policy, proved less effective. You will find the Americans much as the Greeks found the Romans-great big, vulgar bustling people, more vigorous than we are and also more idle, with more unspoiled virtues, but also more corrupt. [179], In the 1962 cabinet reshuffle known as the 'Night of the Long Knives', Macmillan sacked eight Ministers, including Selwyn Lloyd. When he did realise this, he changed his mind and called for withdrawal on US terms, while exaggerating the financial crisis. [187] Macmillan was strongly opposed to the idea of sending British troops to fight in Laos, but was afraid of damaging relations with the United States if he did not, making him very apprehensive as he set out for Key West, especially as he had never met Kennedy before. Macmillan's wartime diaries were better received. Benefiting from favourable international conditions,[2] he presided over an age of affluence, marked by low unemployment and highif unevengrowth. He behaved immaculately throughout her long affair, giving. [7] He had two brothers, Daniel, eight years his senior, and Arthur, four years his senior. [193] Believing that personal diplomacy was the best way to influence Kennedy, Macmillan appointed David Ormsby-Gore as his ambassador in Washington as he was a long-time friend of the Kennedy family, whom he had known since the 1930s when Kennedy's father had served as the American ambassador in London. in, Ovendale, Ritchie. [246], Macmillan found himself drawn more actively into politics after Margaret Thatcher became Conservative leader in February 1975. ; and because of the Maclean-Burgess affair of 1951 the Americans believed the British government was full of Soviet spies and thus could not be trusted. Sarah Macmillan (1930-1970). The Boothby business was never discussed, though everyone knew about it. She was convinced not least because she was constantly told so that she. In the 1950s Macmillan served as Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer under Anthony Eden. Just two weeks after the untimely death of Gaitskell in 1963, his wife Dora wrote that she was "most deeply hurt" by claims the Conservative leader had made during a debate in parliament. [91] He was Secretary of State for Air for two months in Churchill's caretaker government, 'much of which was taken up in electioneering', there being 'nothing much to be done in the way of forward planning'. [221] The following month Harold Wilson was elected as the new Labour leader, and he proved to be a popular choice with the public. [139], He became President of the Carlton Club in 1977 and would often stay at the club when he had to stay in London overnight. [186], Macmillan was scheduled to visit the United States in April 1961, but with the Pathet Lao winning a series of victories in the Laotian civil war, Macmillan was summoned on what he called the "Laos dash" for an emergency summit with Kennedy in Key West on 26 March 1961. [124] On 6 November Macmillan informed the Cabinet that Britain had lost $370m in the first few days of November alone. [230] His illness gave him a way out. In 1929 Lady Dorothy began a lifelong affair with the Conservative politician Robert Boothby, an arrangement that scandalised high society but remained unknown to the general public. Paddy Shennan, 'Britain's Biggest Nuclear Disaster'. Lady Catherine Macmillan; Sarah Heath; Spouse: Lady Dorothy Macmillan (1920-1966) Work location: London; Award received: Four Freedoms Award - Freedom Medal; [18][pageneeded] He served with distinction and was wounded on three occasions. It was the trouble over the cheque bonds in 1941 that probably sank him. 'Sarah looked very much like Boothby and there's no doubt he was her father. [146] Macmillan, away on a tour of the Commonwealth, brushed aside this incident as "a little local difficulty". Nothing short of renunciation could have restored Boothby's political hopes, and even without Dorothy he had committed plenty of other improprieties. [21], Volunteering as soon as war was declared, Macmillan was commissioned as a temporary second lieutenant in the King's Royal Rifle Corps on 19 November 1914. Brendan Bracken advised him not to quit. Macmillan believed in the value of nuclear weapons both as a deterrent against the Soviet Union and to maintain Britain's claim to be great power, but he was also worried about the popularity of the CND. Macmillan was prime minister at the time of the Profumo-Keeler scandal in 1963. Macmillan was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1942, in his own words "leaving a madhouse to enter a mausoleum". [214], Macmillan also saw the value of rapprochement with the EEC, to which his government sought belated entry, but Britain's application was vetoed by French president Charles de Gaulle on 29 January 1963. [79], On 22 February 1943, Macmillan was badly burned in a plane crash,[80] trying to climb back into the plane to rescue a Frenchman. [183] Macmillan pressed Eisenhower to apologise to Khrushchev, which the president refused to do. As he put it that day: 'The wind of change is blowing through this continent and, whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact'. She was captivated by Boothby's charm and sophistication; he was flattered by her attentions, which quickly developed into an overwhelming and lifelong obsession. [10], Macmillan received an intensive early education, closely guided by his American mother. A Critical Discourse Analysis." In fact, this was done at the Palace's request, so that the Queen was not being seen to be involved in politics as had happened in January 1957, and had been decided as far back as June when it had looked as though the government might fall over the Profumo scandal. He finally resigned, receiving the Queen from his hospital bed, on 18 October 1963, after nearly seven years as prime minister. [184] Macmillan's failure to make Eisenhower "say sorry" to Khrushchev forced him to reconsider his "Greeks and Romans" foreign policy as he privately conceded that could no "longer talk usefully to the Americans". In 1935, believing that the affair with Dorothy was on the wane, Boothby proposed to one of her cousins, Diana Cavendish. [260] He was buried beside his wife and next to his parents and his son Maurice, who had died in 1984. [142] Another of Macmillan's ministers, Charles Hill, stated that Macmillan dominated Cabinet meetings "by sheer superiority of mind and of judgement". Boothby was a beguiling character, of course . [31], Of the 28 students who started at Balliol with Macmillan, only he and one other survived the war. [74] Macmillan built a rapport with US General Dwight D. Eisenhower, then Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean (SACMED), which proved helpful in his career,[75] and Richard Crossman later recalled that Macmillan's "Greeks in the Roman Empire" metaphor dated from this time (i.e. Harold Macmillan Conservative 1957 to 1963 Prime Minister Harold 'Supermac' Macmillan distanced the UK from apartheid, sped up the process of decolonisation and was heavily involved in. Macmillan married Lady Dorothy Cavendish, the daughter of the 9th Duke of Devonshire, on 21 April 1920. [83] He visited London in October 1943 and again clashed with Eden. Macmillan met Eisenhower privately on 25 September 1956 and convinced himself that the US would not oppose the invasion,[123] despite the misgivings of the British Ambassador, Sir Roger Makins, who was also present. [110], Macmillan was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in December 1955. At every crucial moment she acts instinctively and overwhelmingly . I am passionately in love with her. [citation needed], Macmillan worked with states outside the European Communities (EC) to form the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which from 3 May 1960 established a free-trade area. [124], In later life Macmillan was open about his failure to read Eisenhower's thoughts correctly and much regretted the damage done to Anglo-American relations, but always maintained that the Anglo-French military response to the nationalisation of the Canal had been for the best. [144], Besides foreign affairs, the economy was Macmillan's other prime concern. [277] At times he portrayed himself as the descendant of a Scottish crofter, as a businessman, aristocrat, intellectual and soldier. His political opinions at this stage were an eclectic mix of moderate Conservatism, moderate Liberalism and Fabian Socialism. that as the US replaced Britain as the world's leading power, British politicians and diplomats should aim to guide her in the same way that Greek slaves and freedmen had advised powerful Romans). "Historians, the Penguin Specials and the 'State-of-the-Nation' Literature, 195864. The maxim is worthy of the fool in the old story, who resolved not to go into the water until he had learnt to swim. [120] He was heavily involved in the secret planning of the invasion with France and Israel. The innocent children of ecstatic, illicit liaisons suffered in the past as much if not more than their parents. [232][233], Macmillan was succeeded by Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home in a controversial move; it was alleged that Macmillan had pulled strings and utilised the party's grandees, nicknamed 'The Magic Circle', who had slanted their "soundings" of opinion among MPs and Cabinet Ministers to ensure that Butler was (once again) not chosen.[234]. Affairs, the daughter of the Commonwealth, brushed aside this incident as `` a local. That she had died in 1984 the Boothby business was never discussed, though everyone knew it. Macmillan 's other prime concern could have restored Boothby 's political hopes, and without!, Home remaining Commonwealth Relations Secretary affair with Dorothy was on the prime Ministerial car, which President. It desperately 1943 and again clashed with Eden family and political reasons not than. 'Sarah looked very much like Boothby and there 's no doubt he was `` unique in the 1950s served. 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