See answer (1) Best Answer. On September 20, 1863, he and two other men took command of a charge near "Snodgrass Hill" during the Battle of Chickamauga. Religion strengthened the soldiers' loyalty to their comrades and the Confederacy. For more information about soldiers in the war, check out the following article on Civil War soldiers. This is a 15 volume print series that you can use in the Daniel Library. To fully understand the vast changes the war unleashed on the country, you must first understand the plight of the Southerners who didn't want secession", "The Civil War News & Views Open Discussion Forum", "Memory: Frederick Douglass' Black Confederate", "Real Confederates Didn't Know About Black Confederates", "The Most Pernicious Idea: 150 Years Later", "Confederate Law authorizing the enlistment of black soldiers, March 13, 1865, as promulgated in a military order", "Understanding Fort Pillow: 'Full and Ample Retaliation', "SECTION III.DesertersPrisoners of warHostagesBooty on the battle-field", INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD, "West Points of the Confederacy: Southern Military Schools and the Confederate Army". A Manual of Military Surgery (1863). U.S., Confederate Service Records, 1861-1865, U.S., Union Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865, Provided in association with National Archives and Records Administration. [5], Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable. Davis proposed an army of 100,000 soldiers in his message to Congress on April 29. ADVERTISEMENT MORE FROM REFERENCE.COM In contrast, about 25,000 Union soldiers died as a result of accidents, drowning, murder, killed after capture, suicide, execution for various crimes, execution by the Confederates (64), sunstroke, other and not stated. Confederate guerrillas were called [128] According to the authors of Liberty, Equality, Power, "Expressing outrage at this treatment, in 1863 the Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike. Continuing, McPherson also stated that of the hundreds of Confederate soldiers' letters he had examined, none of them contained any anti-slavery sentiment whatsoever: Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries, none at all dissented from that view. These lists contain names of Confederate soldiers, their regiment, and burial place transcribed from monuments and headstones. Historian Mark Weitz argues that the official count of 103,400 deserters is too low. There was plenty of meat in the Confederacy. Army was composed of independent armies and military departments that were constituted, renamed, and disbanded as needs arose, particularly in reaction to offensives launched by the United States. How can we avoid the occurrence of weld porosity? Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The Civil War was a fiery prism at the center of American society. The Confederate Congress initially made the rank of brigadier general the highest rank. However, according to Randolph H. McKim in his book The Numerical Strength of the Confederate Army, the numbers of enrollment into the Confederate army were: Virginia: 175,000Florida: 15,000Georgia: 120,000North Carolina: 129,000South Carolina: 75,000Mississippi: 70,000Alabama: 90,000Tennessee: 115,000. According to Civil War historian James M. McPherson, in his book For Cause and Comrades, most Confederate volunteers stated they were fighting for liberty as well as slavery while many of the Union soldiers stated they fought to end slavery and preserve the union. FactMonster.com is certified by the kidSAFE Seal Program. [57][58], Young Mark Twain deserted the army long before he became a famous writer and lecturer, but he often commented upon the episode comically. Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. of the American Civil War-. One result was wave after wave of religious revivals in the Army,[33] religion playing a major part in the lives of Confederate soldiers. To each member, Fifty Dollars Bounty, clothes, arms, camp equipage &c: furnished. A friend who visited the gravesite years later was said to have commented that it was one of the most sequestered, unfrequented, and inaccessible spots for a grave he'd ever seen. ", Samuel J. Watson, "Religion and combat motivation in the Confederate armies. Georgia Governor Joseph E. Brown was an extreme case of a Southern States Rights advocate asserting control over Confederate soldiers: he defied the Confederate government's wartime policies and resisted the military draft. In reality, as disease, desertions and casualties took their toll, and the common practice of sending replacements to form new regiments took hold, most regiments were greatly reduced in strength. Discover several new games that we've added to our collection! The Confederate States of America (often called the Confederates or the Rebels) was comprised of the eleven Southern states that broke away from the Union between 1860-1861, around the start of the Civil War. Co. Collection The age range of the Confederate Armys First Conscription Act in 1862 was 18 to 35 but the Third Conscription Act in 1864 changed it to 17 to 50. The first few states to join hands in the formation of the Confederacy were South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. [59], Because of the destruction of any central repository of records in Richmond in 1865 and the comparatively poor record-keeping of the time, there can be no definitive number that represents the strength of the Confederate States Army. Daniel Library Stacks Call Number E548 .H4. Information available about a soldier includes his name, unit, and rank. They were generally referred by number and state, for example 1st Texas, 12th Virginia. Coupled with the U.S. blockade of all ports the devastation of plantations, farms and railroads meant the Confederacy increasingly lost the capacity to feed its soldiers and civilians. While on the march or in parade formation, Confederate armies often displayed a wide array of dress, ranging from faded, patched-together regulation uniforms; rough, homespun uniforms colored with homemade dyes such as butternut (a yellow-brown color), and even soldiers in a hodgepodge of civilian clothing. the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern 'rights' and institutions for which they fought, and did not feel compelled to discuss it. Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. According to his analysis, the soldiers' faith was consoling for the loss of comrades; it was a shield against fear; it helped reduce drinking and fighting in the ranks; it enlarged the soldiers' community of close friends and helped compensate for their long-term separation from home.[38][39]. What did Union soldiers call Confederate soldiers? Only seven men achieved the rank of (full) general;[74] the highest-ranking (earliest date of rank) was Samuel Cooper, Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Confederate States Army. Although fewer soldiers might comprise a squad or platoon, the smallest infantry maneuver unit in the Army was a company of 100 soldiers. [107] It would not be until Robert E. Lee wrote the Confederate Congress urging them that the idea would take serious traction. . What are 6 of Charles Dickens classic novels? The C.S. ), A total of 75% of Confederate soldiers served as infantrymen, 20% served as cavalrymen and 5% served as artillerymen (Lanser 10.). Confederate guerrillas were called bushwhackers. A very nice "dug" late-war Confederate artillery shell. The Northern soldiers nicknames were the Yankees or Yanks. Sources:McKim, Randolph A. What did Union soldiers call Confederate soldiers? The task of compiling these records for Confederate soldiers began in 1903. These numbers do not include sailors who served in Confederate States Navy. Your email address will not be published. Many of their soldiers deserted, returned home, and formed a military force that fought off regular army units trying to punish them. The yellowhammer is indeed a bird, but pieces of yellow cloth on the Confederate soldiers' uniforms resembled them, earning first the troops the nickname and then eventually the state. If the first search fails, continue trying again and again, but use several variant spellings of the name, nicknames, initials, middle names, or any alias. "Stonewall" Jackson, James Longstreet, J. E. B. Stuart, Gideon Pillow, A. P. Hill, John B. Gordon. And collectively the armed forces of the North and the South are also known as "the Blue" and "the Gray," respectively, after the prevailing colors of the sides' military uniforms, though especially in the latter difficult stages of the war, soldiers from both sides, and particularly the depleted Confederates, wore much less standardized attire in a wide variety of colors. The precise number of Confederate soldiers from each state is unknown because many military records were destroyed when Richmond was evacuated in 1865. By September 1864, however, President Davis publicly admitted that two-thirds of the soldiers were absent, "most of them without leave". Union soldiers might call a Confederate soldier butternut on account of the yellow and brown uniform some wore, or grayback for the more traditional Confederate uniform. Sergeant Kirkland's actions remain a legend in Fredericksburg to this day. Ironically, the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater, as the next chapter will show. In the actual armed conflicts of the Civil War, the two sides had numerous nicknames for themselves and each other as a group and individuals, e.g., for Union troops "Federals" and for the Confederates "rebels," "rebs" or "Johnny reb" for an individual Confederate soldier. One instance occurred in late 1862 with Lee's invasion of Maryland, coincident with two other actions: Bragg's invasion of Kentucky and Earl Van Dorn's advance against Corinth, Mississippi. The design of this particular shell is attributed to Captain William Leroy Broun that commanded the Richmond Arsenal. [20] The War Department asked for 8,000 volunteers on March 9, 20,000 on April 8, and 49,000 on and after April 16. "[45], In 1894, Virginian and former Confederate soldier John S. Mosby, reflecting on his role in the war, stated in a letter to a friend that "I've always understood that we went to war on account of the thing we quarreled with the North about. Item Code: 2022-2311. their red uniforms. The road system was poor, and it relied more and more on a heavily overburdened railroad system. Copy. [93] Even Georgian governor Joseph E. Brown noted that "the country and the army are mainly dependent upon slave labor for support. Historian James M. McPherson says: Confederate and Union soldiers interpreted the heritage of 1776 in opposite ways. Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served in each army at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the armies at any given date. Soldiers Updated February 21, 2017 | Factmonster Staff "Jonny Rebel" A Confederate soldier during the Civil War. They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern rights and institutions for which they fought, and did not feel compelled to discuss it. I've never heard of any other cause than slavery. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Educate, entertain, and engage with Factmonster. "They forced their negroes to load their cannon," reported a U.S. officer. [34][35][36][37] Military historian Samuel J. Watson argues that Christian faith was a major factor in combat motivation. As early as November 1864, some Confederates knew that the chance of securing victory against the U.S. was slim. [76] Occasional raids into the North were designed to bring back money and supplies. [17], The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army. His body was returned home to Kershaw County, South Carolina, and he was buried in the "Old Quaker Cemetery" in Camden. The Union name for the battle is derived from Antietam Creek, which flows south from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to the . Johnny, or just plain Reb. Johnny Reb: The Common Confederate Soldier Johnny Reb, the all-around general southern soldier of the Confederacy was often foraging for food, as supplies were frequently not forthcoming. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The South's leading men of the planter class, had built their world upon slavery and the idea of voluntarily destroying that world, even in the ultimate crisis, was almost unthinkable to them. South Carolina was the first to secede, on December 20, 1860, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. "They shot them if they would not load the cannon, and we shot them if they did. This database contains an index of compiled military service records for volunteer Union soldiers who served with units organized in more than 20 states and territories, including states in the Confederacy. To avoid postponing recognition for their valor, those nominated for the awards had their names placed on a Roll of Honor, which would be read at the first dress parade after its receipt and be published in at least one newspaper in each state. 58692. Compiled service records are files of cards that abstract original military records relating to an individual soldier. The Sons of Confederate Veterans posthumously awarded Kirkland their Confederate Medal of Honor, created in 1977. [3] On February 28, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president, Jefferson Davis. General Kershaw would later be buried in that same cemetery, which also maintains the graves of Civil War General John Bordenave Villepigue and his descendant, World War I Medal of Honor recipient John Canty Villepigue, in addition to World War I Medal of Honor recipient Richmond Hobson Hilton. The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Former Confederate Soldier Found In Rhodes. number is not known. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. Despite his youth, Kirkland enlisted in the Confederate Army in 1861, not long after war was declared, before his older brothers. Companies were commanded by captains and had two or more lieutenants. Confederate soldiers were also faced with inadequate food rations, especially as the war progressed. As the Confederates called the union soldiers Yankees. The Legion, raised in September 1862, fought until the end of the War. The blunted nose of the shell was designed to increase its wind resistance . These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. [2], Kirkland went on to fight in both the Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle of Gettysburg where, after further distinguishing himself for courage and ability, he was promoted to lieutenant. Some men with a weak religious affiliation became committed Christians, and saw their military service in terms of satisfying God's wishes. In the actual armed conflicts of the Civil War, the two sides had numerous nicknames for themselves and each other as a group and individuals, e.g., for Union troops Federals and for the Confederates rebels, rebs or Johnny reb for an individual Confederate soldier. Union slodiers - Yanks or Yankees . Honoring the heroes & heroines that fought that struggle is no disgrace. The abstracts made from the original records were carefully checked to ensure that the abstracts were accurate.. 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed. [132], Native Americans and the Confederate Army, African Americans and the Confederate Army, Prisoner exchanges with the United States, On February 8, 1861, delegates from the first seven, Records of the number of individuals who served in the. Branch colors were used for the color of chevronsblue for infantry, yellow for cavalry, and red for artillery. Confederate . YEOMANRY. About 69% of Confederate soldiers worked as farmers before the war, 5% of Confederate soldiers worked as mechanics and 9% of Confederate soldiers worked as laborers (Lanser 11. [99] Despite lacking foreign assistance and recognition and facing slim chances of victory against superior U.S. assets, Confederate newspapers such as the Georgian Atlanta Southern Confederacy continued to maintain their position and oppose the idea of armed black men in the Confederate Army, even as late in the war as January 1865. In the action that followed, he and his unit inflicted heavy casualties on the Union attackers. Army.[73]. This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as the construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 113 (2005):340377. Abstracts were made form documents in the War Department Collection of Confederate Records and from documents borrowed by the War Department in an effort to obtain as nearly complete military service records as possible. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Lee's campaign against Gettysburg and southern Pennsylvania (a rich agricultural region) was driven in part by his desperate need of supplies, especially food.[80]. He had also been a United States senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. [95][96], The Confederacy did not allow African Americans to join the army, neither free people nor slaves. ", Scott King-Owen, "Conditional Confederates: Absenteeism among Western North Carolina Soldiers, 18611865.". ", "How people convince themselves that the Confederate flag represents freedom, not slavery: Historian John M. Coski examines the fights over the symbol's meaning in 'The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem. Reports from the War Department beginning at the end of 1861 indicated 326,768 men that year, 449,439 in 1862, 464,646 in 1863, 400,787 in 1864, and "last reports" showed 358,692. This was about 10 percent of the total Union fighting force. Confederates called the union soldiers Yankees. 2005 - 2023 Wyzant, Inc, a division of IXL Learning - All Rights Reserved, Capnomania (Fumimania), Etymology and History. There are nine major U.S. military bases named in honor of Confederate military leaders, all in former Confederate States: [5] Fort Benning (1917), near Columbus, Georgia, named after Henry L. Benning, a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army [6] [7] Fort Gordon (1917), near Augusta, Georgia, named in honor of John Brown Gordon, who . The treaty covered sixty-four terms covering many subjects like Choctaw and Chickasaw nation sovereignty, Confederate States of America citizenship possibilities, and an entitled delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America. Sources: The provisional, volunteer army was established by an act of the Provisional Confederate Congress passed on February 28, 1861, one week before the act which established the permanent regular army organization, passed on March 6. On February 28, shortly before Lincoln was sworn in as president, the Provisional Confederate Congress had authorized the organization of a large Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS). At first, it was thought that the Union would open fire, which would result in the Confederacy returning fire, resulting in Kirkland being caught in a crossfire. Capstone Press, 2016.Who Fought? American Battlefield Trust, www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/who-foughtMilitary Pay. American Battlefield Trust, www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/military-pay. Soldiers from both sides were forced to listen to the painful cries of the wounded for hours, with neither side daring to venture out for fear of being shot by the enemy. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. They called the Confederate soldiers the Rebels or "Rebs". General Kershaw later stated that he observed Kirkland for more than an hour and a half. Create new Board. The following men had varying degrees of control: The lack of centralized control was a strategic weakness for the Confederacy, and there are only a few examples of its armies acting in concert across multiple theaters to achieve a common objective. 14 day loan required to access EPUB and PDF files. The rhetoric of liberty that had permeated the letters of Confederate volunteers in 1861, grew even stronger as the war progressed. The Confederate States Army, also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army, was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the American Civil War (1861-1865), fighting against the United States forces to win the independence of the Southern states and uphold the [25] On October 11, the Confederate Congress passed the so-called "Twenty Negro Law",[26] which exempted anyone who owned 20 or more slaves, a move that caused deep resentment among conscripts who did not own slaves. uniforms, just as British soldiers were called redcoats because of In the summer of 1862, U.S. troops captured Chief Ross, who was paroled and spent the remainder of the war in Washington and Philadelphia proclaiming Cherokee loyalty to the United States Army.[81]. Mostabout 90,000were former . The weapons shall be Enfield Rifles. NARA describes this effort: The compilation of service records of Confederate soldiers was begun in 1903 under the direction of Brig. Confederate private, illustration published in the Atlas to Accompany Official Records of Union and Confederate Armies, circa 1895. It was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. However, within a very short time, what Kirkland was doing became obvious to both sides, and according to Kershaw cries from wounded soldiers for water erupted all over the battlefield. What did the Confederate States stand for? As the war progressed, the other general-officer ranks were quickly added, but no insignia for them was created. Jackson's goal was to maintain discipline in a volunteer army whose homes were under threat of enemy occupation. In the absence of exact records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees, are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. In comparison, the best estimates of the number of Union military personnel deaths are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded, 224,580 deaths from disease, and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps, although some historians also dispute these figures. Stand Watie, along with a few Cherokee, sided with the Confederate army, in which he was made colonel and commanded a battalion of Cherokee. "[53], Some soldiers also deserted from ideological motivations. [77], As a result of severe supply problems, as well as the lack of textile factories in the Confederacy and the successful U.S. naval blockade of Southern ports, the typical Confederate soldier was rarely able to wear the standard regulation uniform, particularly as the war progressed. pilot or "Flying Tigers" Military Unit Rank Enlistment Place Day Month Year Location Clear search Source Information They were also called rebs and yanks. One estimate of the Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026; another is 226,000. [121], James McPherson states that "Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender. Kirkland was born in Flat Rock, in Kershaw County, South Carolina. They were also It also extended the terms of enlistment for all one-year soldiers to three years. so grateful for this information I know my family fought with the Confederates during the Civil War and am just trying to find out about family history and my countrys history thanks from a curious mind! Website Name. The original 13 states recognized by the Articles of Confederation were (in chronological order): Delaware (ratified the Constitution on December 7, 1787) Pennsylvania (ratified the Constitution on December 12, 1787) New Jersey (ratified the Constitution on December 18, 1787) Georgia (ratified the Constitution on January 2, 1788) Connecticut (ratified the Constitution on January 9, 1788) Massachusetts (ratified the Constitution on February 6, 1788). In his 2010 book Major Problems in the Civil War, historian Michael Perman says that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years: Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. What was of the nickname of the Union Army? For example, at the pivotal Battle of Chancellorsville, the average U.S. Army infantry regiment's strength was 433 men, versus 409 for Confederate infantry regiments. As in the U.S. Army, the Confederate Army's soldiers were organized by military specialty. Most of the men whose names appear in this index served with units from 15 different states or territories; others were soldiers raised directly by the Confederate government, generals and staff officers, and other enlisted men not associated with a regiment. LII, Part 2, pp. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. These seven states also known as the Confederate States of America laid the foundation of the Confederacy during 4 to 9 February 1861 at a meeting held in Montgomery , Alabama. All U.S., Confederate Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865 results for Franz Khler. Do not sell or share my personal information. Historians provide estimates of the actual number of individual Confederate soldiers between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops. On September 27, the maximum age of conscription was extended to 45. His last words were, "I'm done for save yourselves and please tell my Pa I died right.". As one might expect, a much higher percentage of soldiers from slaveholding families than from non-slaveholding families expressed such a purpose: 33 percent, compared with 12 percent. This database contains an index to compiled service records (CSRs) for soldiers who served with units in the Confederate army. Union nickname for Confederate soldiers because of their gray The largest Confederate field army was the Army of Northern Virginia, whose surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865 marked the end of major combat operations in the U.S. Civil War. The best estimates of Confederate military personnel deaths are about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded, 164,000 deaths from disease, and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in Union prison camps. This index also includes Confederate soldiers who later served with the Union Army. The war was nearly over by then, and only about two hundred slaves ended up being enlisted before the Confederate armies all surrendered.[22]. War Estimates of enlistments throughout the war range from 1,227,890 to 1,406,180.[60]. By the time the war ended in 1865, about 180,000 Black men had served as soldiers in the U.S. Army. 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