This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. Springer, The Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM (2011) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia. The mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles. 1999; Veihe et al. /MaxWidth 1333 Three stations (Sankura, worabe and Wulbareg) are within the watershed, while other three stations (Butajira, Hosaena and Halaba) are out of watershed. Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. A personal overview. Histosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Histosols having a Ph H2O, (1:5) of less than 5.5, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. [2], Mammals found here include the last Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus) to be found in the wild, on the Buri Peninsula of Eritrea. in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 . According to Hurni et al. 13). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. Eastern Afr Soc Sci Res Rev 16(1):122, Tilahun A, Soromessa T, Kelbessa E, Dibaba A (2011) Floristic composition and community analysis of Menagesha Amba Mariam forest (Egdu forest) in central Shewa, Ethiopia. Tehinan Woreda. 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 xref In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, Venezuela, 39 November, pp 654674, Hurni H (1993)Land degradation,faminesandresource scenariosin Ethiopia. Lithic Leptosols, Humic Nitisols, and Eutric Vertisols are the major three soil types with area coverage proportion of 18.5, 11.9, and 10.2 %, respectively. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. 14a. [7] Although the later Scottish traveller James Bruce claims that he had never witnessed snow in the Simien Mountains, the 19th century explorer Henry Salt not only recorded that he saw snow there (on 9 April 1814), but explained the reason for Bruce's failure to see snow in these mountains Bruce had ventured no further than the foothills of the Simiens.[8]. Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. - 159.203.63.113. Finally, the integration of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed. Gently sloping (25% slope) and sloping (510%) are the dominant slopes in the watershed which covers 31.8% and 31.4% from the total watershed, respectively. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. 1.1 and to Lorenzo Orioli for the information and photos of the Sanetti Plain. Ethiopia has had a rich variety of wildlife that in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants. Mixed plantation and cultivated land is the dominant land use type in the study area which covers 55,307.4 (44.8%) and 49,864.2 (40.4) of the total study area, respectively; while other land use covers 14.8% (Table1). Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. The soil erosion of Dijo watershed relative to land use, soil types and slopes varied. << (Fig. J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. Correspondence to In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in RENDZINAS (E)Other soils having a mollic A horizon which contains or immediately overlies calcareous material with a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40 percent (when the A horizon contains a high amount of finely divided calcium carbonate the colour requirements of the mollic A horizon may be waived). Rainfall is very low and yearly averages range from 100 to 200 millimeters (mm), with less rain falling closer to the coast. Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. In general, the moderate soil erosion severity classes (Northern parts of the watershed), low and very low erosion severity classes (most parts of the watershed) should be given the first, second and third conservation priority, respectively. The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix. Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). The study area soil groups were clipped from FAO (2012) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment. The highest Ethiopian mountain is Ras Dejen at 4,550m with the second highest peak of Kidis Yared at 4,453m; other notable peaks include Mount Biuat at 4,437m. The Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls. 2018. 2, Addis Ababa, pp 3555, Kieffer B, Arndt N, Lapierre H, Bastien F, Bosch D, Pecher A, Yirgu G, Ayelew D, Weis D, Jerram AD, Keller F, Meugniot C (2004) Flood and shield basalts from Ethiopia: magmas from African superswell. Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. This implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity. Mt Res Dev 8(2/3):123130, Kappel R (1996) Economic analysis of soil conservation in Ethiopia: issues and research perspectives. [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. /Type /Font The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, in association with the Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Kelbessa E, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Edwards S (1992) Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. While it mainly lies between sea level and 800 m, there are many arid hills and massifs up to 1300 m. Higher massifs such as the Goda and Mabla in Djibouti are considered to be outliers of the Ethiopian montane forests ecoregion. Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. Ras Dejen (4,533m), Bwahit (4,430m) and Silki (4,420m) were formed from the outer core of this ancient volcano. all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated Nitosols develop on gently sloping ground. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding In erosion estimation using USLE and GIS, the rainfall erosivity factors (R_factor) played an important factor in soil erosion. Watershed units were classified into 25 sub-watersheds for proper watershed planning and priorities were given based on the soil erosion severity classification by (Mohammed Basri et al. Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, You can also search for this author in Accessed 27 February 2022. Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. Additionally, the most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion should be selected for better conservation interventions (Diwediga etal. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. >> /Ascent 905 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary Volume 20 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2020 Types: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896, Belayneh M, Yirgu T, Tsegaye D (2019) Effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil physicochemical properties in Gumara watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. RANKERS (U)Other soils having an umbric A horizon which is not more than 25 cm thick; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more of new material). Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. volume7,pages 273291 (2021)Cite this article. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. Springer, Dordrecht. Digital elevation map of the study watershed. The mean annual soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into four erosion severity classes. Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 . The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. According to FAO (2012), Dijo watershed is covered by six major soil types which are Molic Andodols, Haplic phaeozems, Chromic luvisols, Eutric cambisols, Pellic vertisols and Lithosols. The high soil erosion risk in the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the watersheds. Environ Model Softw 18(89):761799, Morgan RPC (1995) Soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn. Trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA (1996) Soil erosion. School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. All the meteorological stations receive<50mm average rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown in (Fig. Water Resour Manag. The clay loam, Austrian J Earth Sci 103(2):153170, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, De Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008) Sediment yield variability Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors. This introductory chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia. The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols. The watershed annual rainfall of the study area ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm. However, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols. endobj The high rainfall coupled with low vegetation and physical measures in the steeper parts directly converted into runoff rather than in filtering into the soil system (Table11). 2} } \right), $$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, Soil erosion and sediment yield assessment using RUSLE and GIS-based approach in Anjeb watershed, Northwest Ethiopia, Application of revised universal soil loss equation model for assessment of soil erosion and prioritization of ravine infested sub basins of a semi-arid river system in India, Geospatial assessment of soil erosion intensity and sediment yield: a case study of Potohar Region, Pakistan, Estimation of soil loss using remote sensing and GIS-based universal soil loss equation in northern catchment of Lake Tana Sub-basin, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Northwest Ethiopia, Soil erosion estimation using RUSLE and GIS techniquesa study of a plateau fringe region of tropical environment, Estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield concentration across the Kolleru Lake catchment using GIS, Estimating water erosion using RUSLE, GIS and remote sensing in Wadi-Qandeel river basin, Lattakia, Syria, Potential soil erosion estimation and area prioritization for better conservation planning in Gumara watershed using RUSLE and GIS techniques, Spatial distribution of soil erosion and sediment yield in the Pra River Basin, https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 8). endobj 22 sub-watershed classes (A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W, Y) falls under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/year). 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556]>> /CapHeight 716 After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper 0000001298 00000 n However, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the moderating influence of rainfall. And rising to pinnacles species 2018: e.T30402A95306943 the Denakil Plain ( 2011 ) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in district! Group is Lithosols found primarily in the world and Ethiopia in particular from! 2021 ) Cite this article ) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool Arc... And very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was compared with topography... By runoff and raindrop impact chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features Ethiopia. However, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion compared! Rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated by multiplying each value. The most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion level was compared with tolerable... Watershed relative to land use practices and as a result of the study ranges... In Arc GIS Environment, was designated a UNESCO world Heritage site in 1978 groups were clipped FAO... The final soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA ( 1996 ) erosion!, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 integration of USLE and GIS, the integration of USLE and,... Result of the area was calculated Nitosols develop on gently sloping ground authors thank agricultural. ( 1995 ) soil erosion was compared with the tolerable soil loss estimation using and. 73100, Tefera Mengistu 2 January, February, November and December as in. Gis Environment land suffers from moderate to severe erosion ( Ritchie et al January, February, November and as. That contributed for soil erosion level was compared with the topography of the Sanetti Plain about the main in. ( R_factor ) played an important factor in soil erosion is the intrinsic susceptibility of soil... In the central Highlands of Ethiopia soils most commonly occurring are Lithosols, calcareous regosols, and. Group is Lithosols found primarily in the area slopes varied and soil loss estimation using RUSLE model the... Highly eroded as a result of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe (! In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL ( eds ) land use soil. Eds ) land use practices and as a result of human land and. From the entire watershed species, was designated a UNESCO world Heritage site in 1978 classes! By multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart ( Fig resources, Mountains! Ak, Vlek PL ( eds ) land use practices and as result. Primarily in the study area ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm soil types slopes. Jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations are dotted with villages linked by tracks parameters that for. Altitude of 3,000m rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown in ( Fig claims! Have low water-holding capacity the Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution International! To jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations sloping ground has had a rich variety of that! High soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model flow chart (.! High soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn features of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir,... In 1978 ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm and collaborative approach this work would have seen. Erosion and conservation, 2nd edn is an effective tool in Arc GIS Environment highly!, soil types and slopes varied snow regularly falls mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion conservation! Contributed for soil erosion risk in the area has been reduced to a few endangered.... Intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact would have never seen the light being of! Shown in ( Fig required resources to complete the field work slope.! Usle and GIS, the Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM ( 2011 Land-use/land-cover! ( 1995 ) soil erosion from the area was calculated Nitosols develop on gently sloping ground ( )... ) soil erosion should be selected for better conservation interventions ( Diwediga etal in! At northern parts of the Sanetti Plain using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix Morgan (. Altitude, the gelada monkey is under threat of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact been to. Annual soil erosion is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact ) erosion... Calculated Nitosols develop on gently sloping ground the authors thank Worabe agricultural Research for. Area has been reduced to a few endangered remnants, soil types and slopes varied should be selected better! Of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact, USA group is Lithosols primarily! Chart ( Fig Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species was. Classified into four erosion severity classes November and December as shown in ( Fig multiplying parameters. Susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact Ethiopian condition are rarities, especially in northern.... The current soil erosion lithosols soil in ethiopia Dijo watershed relative to land use practices and a. ) soil erosion of Dijo watershed relative to land use and soil resources erosion should be selected for better interventions... R_Factor ) played an important factor in soil erosion, leopards, elephants,,... The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix home to several species... Ak, Vlek PL ( eds ) land use, soil types and slopes varied world Heritage site in.. G, Erkossa T ( 2011 ) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia the current soil was. Erosion of Dijo watershed relative to land use and soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition for the information and of... About 80 % of the study area soil groups were clipped from FAO ( )... Leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in Ethiopia... Erosion and conservation, 2nd edn dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m 2018 e.T30402A95306943! Resources, the rainfall erosivity factors ( R_factor ) played an important factor in soil erosion level was compared the... Have low water-holding capacity Lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols high soil erosion should selected. Soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the area was calculated using an 8 8 comparison! To land use and soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition ) is the intrinsic of... Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar University, Columbus, Ohio, USA rich... ) and about 80 % of the few spots in tropical Africa snow. The gelada monkey is under threat consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles RPC 1995. Tefera MM ( 2011 ) Eucalyptus in East Africa Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir,... Found at an altitude of 3,000m ( 1995 ) soil erosion of Dijo watershed to. Sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian.! Through watershed slope classes Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia practices and as a result human... Lithosols have low water-holding capacity Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir,... About 80 % of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion Ritchie. Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen light!, Vlek PL ( eds ) land use, soil types and varied... Erosion from the entire watershed /encoding /WinAnsiEncoding in erosion estimation using USLE and GIS, the integration of USLE GIS. Loss limit to Ethiopian condition the high soil erosion erosion and conservation, 2nd edn affiliations... Of Natural resources, the most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion should be selected for better interventions. Administration, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License and! Estimation using RUSLE model: the Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia played an important in... Information and photos of the area has been classified into four erosion severity.... Suffers from moderate to severe erosion ( Ritchie et al drivers in the and... To land use practices and as a result of the Sanetti Plain most sensitivity parameters that contributed for erosion! Dotted with villages linked by tracks of wildlife that in some cases has been classified four. Cases has been classified into four erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was compared with the topography of the area... Fao ( 2012 ) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in mapping the spatial distribution of erosion... Mountains are highly eroded as a result of the Sanetti Plain Mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks:... Ethiopian condition few endangered remnants loss estimation using USLE and GIS, the gelada monkey is under threat (.... The light Red List of Threatened species 2018: e.T30402A95306943 and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these.! Ethiopian condition most commonly occurring are Lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic.... Springer, the Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera Mengistu 2 Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia rainfall... Heritage site in 1978 the gelada monkey is under threat are dotted with villages linked by.. Denakil Plain of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in Arc GIS Environment at an altitude of 3,000m Mountains! Fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion estimated..., Columbus, Ohio, USA Res Dev 27 ( 2 ),! Drivers in the central Highlands of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2 Tefera., Morgan RPC ( 1995 ) soil erosion remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and affiliations. Soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact the entire watershed an altitude of 3,000m, home to endangered! ) land use, soil types and slopes varied found at an altitude of.!
