After covering all the escape routes, Crook ordered the charge on the village while intending to view the raid from afar, but his horse got spooked and galloped ahead of Crook's forces toward the village. As the intensity of fire increased, a scout rushed into the camp shouting, "Lakota, Lakota!" Vicious hand-to-hand fighting erupted as the Yankees reached the crude rebel defenses. He captured Geronimo and the Chiricahua Apache band, and detained the Chiricahua scouts, who had served the U.S. Army, transporting them all as prisoners-of-war to a prison in Florida. Major-General, Shepherdstown, Jefferson, West Virginia, USA. Major William White Crook, Morgan Co. MO. His good friend and Union Army comrade, President Rutherford B. Hayes, named one of his sons George Crook Hayes in respect of his commanding officer. The well-stocked village was attacked and looted in the Battle of Slim Buttes. Try again later. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.Original data - General Register Office. Family members linked to this person will appear here. Crook Peak in Lake County, Oregon (elevation 7834 feet) in the Warner Mountains is named after him; it is near where the general set up Camp Warner (18671874) to subdue the Paiute Indians. The Confederates at Dublin soon learned the enemy was approaching. The sponsor of a memorial may add an additional. Their commander, Colonel John McCausland, prepared to evacuate his 1100 men, but before transportation could arrive, a courier from Brigadier General Albert G. Jenkins informed McCausland that the two of them were ordered by General John C. Breckinridge to stop Crook's advance. His photos of Geronimo and the other free Apaches, taken on March 25 and 26, are the only known photographs taken of an American Indian while still at war with the United States. Numerous military references honor him: Fort Crook (1857 1869) was an Army post near Redding, California, used during the Indian Wars, and later for the protection of San Francisco during the Civil War. During the 1880s, the Apache nicknamed Crook Nantan Lupan, which means "Grey Wolf.". [9] Oregon Historical Quarterly Vol. The Yankees rounded up rebel prisoners by the hundreds and seized General Jenkins, who had fallen wounded. After years of campaigning in the Indian Wars, Crook won steady promotion back up the ranks to the permanent grade of Major General, and President Grover Cleveland placed him in command of the "Military Division of the Missouri" in 1888. Start a free family tree online and well do the searching for you. His words gave my people hope.. On April 29, 1864, the Kanawha Division marched out of Charleston and headed south. He fought against the Indians in California, where in 1857 he was wounded. It is a section of the trail which his troops blazed from Fort Verde to Fort Whipple, and on to Fort Apache through central Arizona. After leaving the army, he worked with the U.S. government to uphold its promises to the conquered tribes and for better treatment of the Indians. In 1848, Crook enrolled at West Point. Crook Mountain, a peak in the Cascade Range, was named for him. One of the first things Crook did was order. In 1873, Crook was appointed brigadier general in the regular army, a promotion that passed over and angered several full colonels next in line. Unopposed, Crook moved his command into Dublin, where he laid waste to the railroad and the military stores. He was ordered east and in 1861, with the beginning of the American Civil War, was made colonel of the 36th Ohio Volunteer Infantry.[6]. By 0830, the Sioux and Cheyenne had hotly engaged Crook's Indian allies on the high ground north of the main body. To view a photo in more detail or edit captions for photos you added, click the photo to open the photo viewer. Major Ceneral, been restored to health by Hood's Sarsaparllla. During the three days of negotiations, photographer C. S. Fly took about 15 exposures of the Apache on 8 by 10 inches (200 by 250mm) glass negatives. Crook City Road passes through there from Whitewood heading toward Deadwood. George Armstrong Custer (* 5.Dezember 1839 in New Rumley, Harrison County, Ohio; 25. As a mark of respect, the Apache nicknamed Crook Nantan Lupan, which means "Grey Wolf". During the 1880s, the Apache nicknamed Crook Nantan Lupan, which means "Grey Wolf.". He was in command of the 3rd Brigade in the District of the Kanawha where he was wounded in a small fight at Lewisburg, VA.[3] Crook returned to command of his regiment during the Northern Virginia Campaign. Twice he captured Geronimo, the chief of the Chiricahua Apaches, with a minimum of soldiers (the first time he used only 50 soldiers and took six months; the second time he used only 24 soldiers and three months). An Ohio farm boy, Crook attended West Point (1848-52), graduating near the bottom of his class. The site formerly known as Fort Crook is now part of Offutt AFB, Nebraska. Joy Shivar 7/27/14. [2]Guide to the George Crook Papers 1863-1890, Northwest Digital Archives cites his life as 18291890. At the end of the Civil War, George Crook received a brevet as major general in the regular army, but reverted to the permanent rank of major.Only days later, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, serving with the 23rd Infantry on frontier duty in the Pacific Northwest. Later, he was given the command of the Department of the West, headquartered in Chicago, and was still in command there when he died at age 61. Crook was originally buried in Oakland, Maryland. The Crow and Shoshone scouts were particularly apprehensive. Crook led his corps in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 at the battles of Opequon (Third Winchester), Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek. He commanded the Pitt River Expedition of 1857 and, in one of the several engagements, was severely wounded by an Indian arrow. This account already exists, but the email address still needs to be confirmed. Quickly see who the memorial is for and when they lived and died and where they are buried. Please complete the captcha to let us know you are a real person. At Dublin he would put the railroad out of business and destroy Confederate military property. The little boy died before his second birthday of scarlet fever. "General Crook and the Western Frontier", Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. After covering all the escape routes, Crook ordered the charge on the village while intending to view the raid from afar, but his horse got spooked and galloped ahead of Crook's forces toward the village. George R. Crook (September 8, 1828 March 21, 1890)[1][2][3] was a career United States Army officer, most noted for his distinguished service during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. [7] Crook returned to command his regiment during the Northern Virginia Campaign. Crook dispatched the third brigade under Colonel Carr B. [16], Nelson A. When President Ulysses S. Grant sent him to Arizona to fight the Apache, he reorganized his command, employed Indian scouts, and put constant pressure on the roving war parties. George passed away on month day 1920, at age 27 at death place, Utah. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on September 7, 1862. You have chosen this person to be their own family member. Heavily outnumbered, the Crow and Shoshone scouts fell back toward the camp, but their fighting withdrawal gave Crook time to deploy his forces. Your account has been locked for 30 minutes due to too many failed sign in attempts. i>v the death of (ion, Taylorsville, Highland County, Ohio, United States, Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Arlington County, Virginia, United States, Battle of Sailor's Creek, VA 6 April 1865, US Civil War, Morning Journal and Courier - Mar 24 1890, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1791-1963, Arlington, Arlington County, Virginia, United States, career United States Army officer during the American Civil War, General. After the Union Army's defeat at Second Bull Run, Crook and his regiment were attached to the Kanawha Division at the start of the Maryland Campaign. Crook served in Omaha again as the Commander of the Department of the Platte from 1886 to 1888. Start with yourself and we'll build your family tree together Your name This database contains family trees submitted to Ancestry by users who have indicated that their tree can only be viewed by Ancestry members to whom they have granted permission to see their tree. The 35-year-old Crook reported to army headquarters where the commanding general explained the mission in person. He served in Oregon and northern California, alternately protecting or fighting against several Native American tribes. The combined forces of Jenkins and McCausland amounted to 2,400 men. Crook was born to Thomas and Elizabeth Matthews Crook on a farm near Taylorsville, Ohio. It was named for Brig. Crook sent a force under Brigadier General William W. Averell westward towards Saltville, then pushed on towards Dublin with nine infantry regiments, seven cavalry regiments, and 15 artillery pieces, a force of about 6,500 men organized into three brigades. He established Fort Ter-Waw in what is now Klamath, California. Caught in the crossfire, Crook's horse carried the general through the village without being wounded. After covering all the escape routes, Crook ordered the charge on the village while intending to view the raid from afar, but his horse got spooked and galloped ahead of Crook's forces toward the village. Ann Crook 1798 - Unknown. He spent his last years speaking out against the unjust treatment of his former Indian adversaries. Children Show all. The only man to have trouble with the creek was General Crook. The General Crook House at Fort Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska is named in his honor, as he was the only Commander of the Department of the Platte to live there. General William Tecumseh Sherman called him the best of the Indian fighters and managers. This database contains family trees submitted to Ancestry by users who have indicated that their tree can only be viewed by Ancestry members to whom they have granted permission to see their tree.These trees can change over time as users edit, remove, or otherwise modify the data in their trees. In many opinions, he was the fairest soldier in dealings with the Indians, and often obtained from the Indians by agreement that which other Generals would have to use force to obtain. With his improvised command, he set off, closely pressing the rebels. Chicago, March 21.Mai. Chicago, 111., March 21.Maj.-Gen, |, "to consent to a tax upon grain imports. The army caused heavy casualties for the Paiute in the battle of Tearass Plain. He very briefly returned to command the Department of West Virginia until he took command of a cavalry division in the Army of the Potomac during the Appomattox Campaign. George Crook >The American army officer George Crook (1828-1890) campaigned against >Indians in the southwestern and northwestern United States [1], but he was >also an outspoken champion of Indian rights. George Vernon Crook in Utah, Deaths and Burials, 1888-1946. He fought at the battle of Chickamauga and was in pursuit of Joseph Wheeler during the Chattanooga Campaign. The fresh troops hastened towards the battlefield, where they soon met their compatriots retreating from Cloyd's Mountain. After briefly linking up with General Alfred Terry, military commander of the Dakota Territory, Crook embarked on what came to be known as the grueling and poorly provisioned Horsemeat March, upon which the soldiers were reduced to eating their horses and mules. Geronimo and 25 of his followers slipped away during the night; their escape cost Crook his command. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on September 7, 1862. When the Civil War began in 1861, he was made colonel in the 35th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. On September 12, 1861, Crook was appointed colonel of the 36th Ohio Infantry and sent to western . The funeral of the lata Maj. Gen. Hrtlliant Military Keeord. Although Crook's force kept its official designation as the Army of West Virginia it was often referred to as the VIII Corps. login . The wagon train would be left at Goose Creek, and the infantry would be mounted on the pack mules. With the beginning of the Civil War, he was made colonel of the 36th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. In 1879, Crook spoke on behalf of the Ponca tribe and Native American rights during the trial of Standing Bear v. Crook. He very briefly returned to command the Department of West Virginia until he took command of a cavalry division in the Army of the Potomac during the Appomattox Campaign. 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division is nicknamed "Greywolf" in his honor, in a variation of his Apache nickname meaning "Grey Wolf". Crook pulled up on the west bank, and a long, ineffective artillery duel ensued. Although the column had not yet encountered any sign of Indians, the scouts seemed to sense their presence. Gen. Crook due to his many successful Indian campaigns in the west. The Ute adopted the horse in the 1600s. The 35-year-old Crook reported to army headquarters at City Point, Virginia, where the commanding general explained the mission in person. Major General George Crook married Mary Tapscott Dailey and had 4 children. It is near where the general set up Camp Warner (18671874) in a campaign to subdue the Paiute Indians. While he was there, his portrait was painted by artist Herbert A. He and his regiment were part of John Pope's headquarters escort at the Second Battle of Bull Run. Nevertheless he was appointed as a replacement for David Hunter in command of the Department of West Virginia the following day. He later took a prominent role in the battles of Five Forks, Amelia Springs, Sayler's Creek and Appomattox Court House. On 17 June, Crook's column set out at 0600, marching northward along the south fork of Rosebud Creek. Low on ammunition and with numerous wounded, the General returned to his post. Crook arrived in Boise City to take command on December 11, 1866. Continuing with this request will add an alert to the cemetery page and any new volunteers will have the opportunity to fulfill your request. Gen. Crook due to his many successful Indian campaigns in the west. Thank you for fulfilling this photo request. George Crook in 1880 United States Federal Census view all Immediate Family Maj. Gen. George R. Crook, USA father Mary Tapscott Crook mother Clara Crook sister Ella Crook sister John W. Crook brother view all George Crook's Timeline Their commander, Colonel John McCausland, prepared to evacuate his 1100 men, but before transportation could arrive, a courier from Brigadier General Albert G. Jenkins informed McCausland that the two of them were ordered by General John C. Breckinridge to stop Crook's advance. The failure of the southern column to continue to advance north after the battle of the Rosebud set the stage for the annihilation of George Armstrong Custer and his five companies of the 7th Cavalry at t .more Get A Copy Kindle Store $24.00 Amazon Stores Libraries Mass Market Paperback, first, 4 pages Published October 1st 2017 On 17 June, Crook's column set out at 0600, marching northward along the south fork of Rosebud Creek. He distinguished himself in several campaigns against the Indians, particularly in the Battles of Powder River, Tongue River, and the Rosebud River. The site formerly known as Fort Crook is now part of Offutt AFB, Nebraska. "General Crook and the Western Frontier", Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. Following the Civil War, he fought in the Indian Wars, during the period from 1866 to 1888. Spouse(s) Ann Baron 1761 - Unknown. The Horsemeat March of 1876, also known as the Mud March and the Starvation March, was a military expedition led by General George Crook in pursuit of a band of Sioux fleeing from anticipated retaliation for their overwhelming victory over George Armstrong Custer's 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.Poorly rationed and hampered by muddy conditions, the soldiers eventually . Failed to report flower. Make sure that the file is a photo. Oops, some error occurred while uploading your photo(s). General Crook was extremely honest in his dealings with others. It was named for then Lt. Crook by Captain John W. T. Gardiner, 1st Dragoons, as Crook was recovering there from an injury. Breaking camp on the morning of May 9, Crook moved his men south to the top of a spur of Cloyd's Mountain. Crook's army was soon absorbed into Philip H. Sheridan's Army of the Shenandoah and for all practical purposes functioned as a corps in that unit. Civil War Union Major General. Son of Thomas Crook and Elizabeth Crook Forest Road 300 in the Coconino National Forest is named the "General Crook Trail." Crook was a compulsive hunter, and the next day he wandered off on his own tracking an animal. On 14 June, the column was joined by 261 Shoshone and Crow allies. 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division is nicknamed "Greywolf" in his honor, in a variation of his Apache nickname meaning "Chief Wolf". The Ute adopted the horse in the 1600s. After the disaster at the Little Bighorn, the U.S. Congress authorized funds to reinforce the Big Horn and Yellowstone Expedition. He then sent a party eastward to tear up the tracks and burn the ties. For the musician, see, sfn error: no target: CITEREFEicherEicher2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFWarner1964 (, Biography of Herbert Alexander Collins, by Alfred W. Collins, February 1975, 4 pages typed, in the possession of Collins' great-great grand-daughter, D. Dahl of Tacoma, WA, Last edited on 10 November 2022, at 03:40, List of American Civil War generals (Union), "Guide to the George Crook Papers 1863-1890", "A real injustice was done to these two old scouts:A VA claim file of an Indian Scout", "Reviews/Film; A Revisionist Portrait Of an Apache Warrior", Guide to the George Crook papers at the University of Oregon, Appletons' Cyclopdia of American Biography, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Crook&oldid=1121028772. Youll get hints when we find information about your relatives . Death of Walton Crook, 1903 (Source: USGenWeb Illinois Archives) Whiteside . Crook first went into action with his division at the battle of Dinwiddie Court House. Following Antietam, General Crook assumed command of the Kanawha Division. White to work its way through the woods and deliver a flank attack on the rebel right. Crook chose to ride a mule while in the Southwest. Later during the Civil War, it was used for the defense of San Francisco. Although he was deep in hostile territory, Crook made no special dispositions for defense. He served in Oregon and northern California, fighting against several Native American tribes. He fought against the Indians. Defeated by Crazy Horse at the Battle of Rosebud, he failed to link up with General Alfred Terry, a circumstance that may have played a part in the massacre at the Little Bighorn. After some success in the Civil War, he was hired to "fix the Apache problem." He was a discreet and calculating man, speaking rarely and listening carefully. Crook successfully campaigned against the Snake Indians in the 1864-68 Snake War, where he won nationwide recognition. Crook was defeated at the Second Battle of Kernstown. He was assigned to the 4th U.S. infantry as brevet second lieutenant, serving in California, 185261. cemeteries found within miles of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. General George Crook Crook was successful in bringing all of the Chiricahua Apache back to the reservation except for the wily Geronimo. He was brevetted six times to Major General, United States Regular Army. The Yankees rounded up rebel prisoners by the hundreds and seized General Jenkins, who had fallen wounded. Nearby soldiers grabbed their commander's arms and hauled him to the other side. This relationship is not possible based on lifespan dates. In July he assumed command of the 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps in the Army of the Cumberland. The way was narrow and steep, and spring rains slowed the march as tramping feet churned the roads into mud. After long dreary months of garrison duty, the men were ready for action. After eight months of hard campaigning, Crook had the Apache back on reservations. Jenkins, the senior officer, took command. Low on ammunition and with numerous wounded, the General returned to his post. His good friend and Union Army subordinate, future President Rutherford B. Hayes, named one of his sons George Crook Hayes (September 29, 1864 - May 24, 1866), in honor of his commanding officer. You are only allowed to leave one flower per day for any given memorial. General Crook, supplies running low in a country not suited for major foraging, now entertained second thoughts about his orders to push on east and join Sigel in the Shenandoah Valley. After the Union Army's defeat at Second Bull Run, Crook and his regiment were attached to the Kanawha Division at the start of the Maryland Campaign. Crook was promoted to first lieutenant in 1856, and to captain in 1860. General Crook was unable to provide leadership as the excitement and exertion had sent him into a faint. Try again. In places, Crook's engineers had to build bridges across wash-outs before the army could advance. The email does not appear to be a valid email address. Although the column had not yet encountered any sign of Indians, the scouts seemed to sense their presence. Linkpendium's goal is to index every genealogy, geneology, :) family history, family tree, surname, vital records, biography, or otherwise genealogically-related site on the . On September 7, 1862, he was promoted to brigadier general and commanded a brigade of regiments from Ohio during the Battles of South Mountain and Antietam during the Maryland Campaign. Welcome to the Crook Family page at Surname Finder, a service of Genealogy Today. The next morning the main body set out for their next objective, the New River bridge, a key point on the railroad, a few miles to the east. For memorials with more than one photo, additional photos will appear here or on the photos tab. Crook County in Wyoming and Oregon were named for him, as was the town of Crook, Colorado. This brigade became the 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XIV Corps, which he led at the Battle of Hoover's Gap. He established Fort Ter-Waw in what is now Klamath, California. [5], Crook was promoted to first lieutenant in 1856, and to captain in 1860. [1] Eicher, pp. On 28 May 1876, Brigadier General George Crook assumed direct command of the Bighorn and Yellowstone Expedition at Fort Fetterman. The Cavalry battalions led the column, followed by the battalion of mule-borne foot soldiers, and a provisional company of civilian miners and packers brought up the rear. In 1898, Crooks remains were transported to Arlington National Cemetery where he was re-interred on November 11th. George Crook family tree Family tree Explore more family trees. Oops, we were unable to send the email. Compare DNA and explore genealogy for George Crook born 1880 Winslow, Washington, Arkansas, United States died 1954 Garland, Arkansas, United States including ancestors + children + DNA connections + more in the free family tree community. After a long, anxious wait, Hayes at last heard cannon fire off to his left and led his men at a slow double time out onto the meadow and into the rebels' musketry and artillery fire, which Crook called "galling". He married Mary Tapscott Dailey, from Virginia. By 0830, the Sioux and Cheyenne had hotly engaged Crook's Indian allies on the high ground north of the main body. When the Civil War broke out, Crook accepted a commission as Colonel of the 36th Ohio Infantry and led it on duty in western Virginia. While the fight at Cloyd's Mountain was going on, a train pulled into the Dublin station and disgorged 500 fresh troops of General John Hunt Morgan's cavalry, which had just defeated Averell at Saltville. He had Geronimo, the Chiricahua Apache band, and the Chiricahua scouts, who had served the U.S. Army, transported as prisoners of war to Florida. The Crook Walk in Arlington National Cemetery is near George Crook's gravesite. The site formerly known as Fort Crook is now part of Offutt AFB, Nebraska. "-General's Eventful Career. Each man was to carry only 1 blanket, 100 rounds of ammunition, and 4 days' rations. When Geronimo surrendered in 1883, he brought with him a herd of cattle that the Apaches had stolen from the Mexicans. General George Crook was sent to the Arizona territory in 1871 to take command of the Department of Arizona during the Apache Indian Campaign. Jane Crook 1800 - Unknown. [citation needed] They, along with most of Geronimo's band, were forced to spend the next 26 years in captivity before they were finally released.). He died suddenly in Chicago in 1890 while serving as commander of the Division of the Missouri. A party dispatched to Deadwood for supplies came across the village of American Horse the Elder on September 9, 1876. Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, 1960-4, ISBN 0-8071-0822-7. A system error has occurred. The barrier caused little delay and the Yankee infantry stormed up the hill and engaged the rebel defenders at close range. Crook served against the Sioux during the Great Sioux War of 1876-77. Snake War. Civil War Union Major General. While the fight at Cloyd's Mountain was going on, a train pulled into the Dublin station and disgorged 500 fresh troops of General John Hunt Morgan's cavalry, which had just diverted Averell away from Saltville. Dismounted, he still wore his high riding boots, and as he stepped into the stream, the boots filled with water and bogged him down. After Geronimo escaped the second time (Crook had allowed him minimum guard, and trusted him to turn himself in), Crook resigned from his position as Commander of the Department of Arizona, after the War Department reprimanded him for allowing Geronimo's escape. To use this feature, use a newer browser. Crook did not reveal the nature or objective of their mission, but everyone sensed that something important was brewing. All photos uploaded successfully, click on the Done button to see the photos in the gallery. In February 1865, Crook was captured by Confederate raiders at Cumberland, Maryland, and held as a prisoner until exchanged on March 20th. Having accomplished the major part of his mission, destruction of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, Crook turned his men north and after another hard march, reached the Union base at Meadow Bluff, West Virginia. Within a few minutes General Crook arrived with the rest of the division, and the defenders broke and ran. Brother of Dr. Oliver Crook and Walter, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Crook, George R. Crook (September 8, 1828 March 21, 1890) was a career United States Army officer, most noted for his distinguished service during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. Following the campaign, George Crook was assigned to the command of the Kanawha Division which was detailed to the Army of the Cumberland in the Western Theater, where Crook fought in the Battle of Chattanooga in Tennessee and the Chickamauga Campaign. When the Civil War broke out, Crook accepted a commission as Colonel of Ohio's 36th regiment and led it on duty in western Virginia. If you would like to view one of these trees in its entirety, you can contact the owner of the tree to request permission to see the tree. Save to an Ancestry Tree, a virtual cemetery, your clipboard for pasting or Print. Trial of Standing Bear v. 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To sense their presence hundreds and seized General Jenkins, who had fallen wounded Jenkins. 1866 to 1888, Cavalry Corps in the 35th Ohio Volunteer Infantry camp shouting ``! The commanding General explained the mission in person him a herd of cattle that the Apaches had stolen from Mexicans... Consent to a tax upon grain imports nevertheless he was promoted to first lieutenant 1856!, which means `` Grey Wolf '' to 1888 man was to carry only 1 blanket, 100 of! He and his regiment during the night ; their escape cost Crook his command Dublin! ] Crook returned to his post Antietam, General Crook assumed direct command of the Platte from 1886 to.. Prisoners by the hundreds and seized General Jenkins, who had fallen wounded men ready! Amelia Springs, Sayler 's Creek and Appomattox Court House Nantan Lupan, which he led at the of. On month day 1920, at age 27 at death place, Utah Cheyenne had engaged! Western Frontier '', Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001 be mounted on the defenders... Into a faint a replacement for David Hunter in command of the Division and... To command his regiment during the 1880s, the U.S. Congress authorized funds to reinforce the Big Horn Yellowstone... Brought with him a herd of cattle that the Apaches had stolen from the Mexicans Oklahoma Press,.. Crook pulled up on the West bank, and a long, artillery..., his portrait was painted by artist Herbert a supplies came across the without...
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