Similarly, Hui et al. The Hungarian algorithm [15] is used to associate the detected bounding boxes from frame to frame. The probability of an Before the collision of two vehicular objects, there is a high probability that the bounding boxes of the two objects obtained from Section III-A will overlap. pip install -r requirements.txt. are analyzed in terms of velocity, angle, and distance in order to detect First, the Euclidean distances among all object pairs are calculated in order to identify the objects that are closer than a threshold to each other. The surveillance videos at 30 frames per second (FPS) are considered. The experimental results are reassuring and show the prowess of the proposed framework. Here, we consider 1 and 2 to be the direction vectors for each of the overlapping vehicles respectively. This explains the concept behind the working of Step 3. The process used to determine, where the bounding boxes of two vehicles overlap goes as follow: This section describes the process of accident detection when the vehicle overlapping criteria (C1, discussed in Section III-B) has been met as shown in Figure 2. The first version of the You Only Look Once (YOLO) deep learning method was introduced in 2015 [21]. We store this vector in a dictionary of normalized direction vectors for each tracked object if its original magnitude exceeds a given threshold. Else, is determined from and the distance of the point of intersection of the trajectories from a pre-defined set of conditions. 2020, 2020. The first part takes the input and uses a form of gray-scale image subtraction to detect and track vehicles. The inter-frame displacement of each detected object is estimated by a linear velocity model. The parameters are: When two vehicles are overlapping, we find the acceleration of the vehicles from their speeds captured in the dictionary. From this point onwards, we will refer to vehicles and objects interchangeably. Our preeminent goal is to provide a simple yet swift technique for solving the issue of traffic accident detection which can operate efficiently and provide vital information to concerned authorities without time delay. This approach may effectively determine car accidents in intersections with normal traffic flow and good lighting conditions. If the dissimilarity between a matched detection and track is above a certain threshold (d), the detected object is initiated as a new track. One of the main problems in urban traffic management is the conflicts and accidents occurring at the intersections. If the bounding boxes of the object pair overlap each other or are closer than a threshold the two objects are considered to be close. This paper presents a new efficient framework for accident detection at intersections for traffic surveillance applications. This paper proposes a CCTV frame-based hybrid traffic accident classification . However, there can be several cases in which the bounding boxes do overlap but the scenario does not necessarily lead to an accident. suggested an approach which uses the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to detect vehicles and then the detected vehicles are tracked using the mean shift algorithm. Therefore, computer vision techniques can be viable tools for automatic accident detection. Accordingly, our focus is on the side-impact collisions at the intersection area where two or more road-users collide at a considerable angle. Nowadays many urban intersections are equipped with surveillance cameras connected to traffic management systems. Many people lose their lives in road accidents. The average processing speed is 35 frames per second (fps) which is feasible for real-time applications. Results, Statistics and Comparison with Existing models, F. Baselice, G. Ferraioli, G. Matuozzo, V. Pascazio, and G. Schirinzi, 3D automotive imaging radar for transportation systems monitoring, Proc. The approach determines the anomalies in each of these parameters and based on the combined result, determines whether or not an accident has occurred based on pre-defined thresholds [8]. task. By taking the change in angles of the trajectories of a vehicle, we can determine this degree of rotation and hence understand the extent to which the vehicle has underwent an orientation change. If you find a rendering bug, file an issue on GitHub. In this paper, a neoteric framework for detection of road accidents is proposed. We then display this vector as trajectory for a given vehicle by extrapolating it. However, one of the limitation of this work is its ineffectiveness for high density traffic due to inaccuracies in vehicle detection and tracking, that will be addressed in future work. The use of change in Acceleration (A) to determine vehicle collision is discussed in Section III-C. of International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP), A traffic accident recording and reporting model at intersections, in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, T. Lin, M. Maire, S. J. Belongie, L. D. Bourdev, R. B. Girshick, J. Hays, P. Perona, D. Ramanan, P. Dollr, and C. L. Zitnick, Microsoft COCO: common objects in context, J. C. Nascimento, A. J. Abrantes, and J. S. Marques, An algorithm for centroid-based tracking of moving objects, Proc. Calculate the Euclidean distance between the centroids of newly detected objects and existing objects. In computer vision, anomaly detection is a sub-field of behavior understanding from surveillance scenes. For instance, when two vehicles are intermitted at a traffic light, or the elementary scenario in which automobiles move by one another in a highway. All the experiments conducted in relation to this framework validate the potency and efficiency of the proposition and thereby authenticates the fact that the framework can render timely, valuable information to the concerned authorities. We will discuss the use of and introduce a new parameter to describe the individual occlusions of a vehicle after a collision in Section III-C. The overlap of bounding boxes of vehicles, Determining Trajectory and their angle of intersection, Determining Speed and their change in acceleration. One of the solutions, proposed by Singh et al. The centroid tracking mechanism used in this framework is a multi-step process which fulfills the aforementioned requirements. The proposed framework capitalizes on Mask R-CNN for accurate object detection followed by an efficient centroid based object tracking algorithm for surveillance footage. Let x, y be the coordinates of the centroid of a given vehicle and let , be the width and height of the bounding box of a vehicle respectively. This is done for both the axes. The proposed framework consists of three hierarchical steps, including efficient and accurate object detection based on the state-of-the-art YOLOv4 method, object tracking based on Kalman filter coupled with the Hungarian . Otherwise, in case of no association, the state is predicted based on the linear velocity model. We illustrate how the framework is realized to recognize vehicular collisions. Drivers caught in a dilemma zone may decide to accelerate at the time of phase change from green to yellow, which in turn may induce rear-end and angle crashes. The proposed framework The Scaled Speeds of the tracked vehicles are stored in a dictionary for each frame. Then, we determine the distance covered by a vehicle over five frames from the centroid of the vehicle c1 in the first frame and c2 in the fifth frame. The proposed framework capitalizes on Mask R-CNN for accurate object detection followed by an efficient centroid based object tracking algorithm for surveillance footage. Computer Vision-based Accident Detection in Traffic Surveillance Earnest Paul Ijjina, Dhananjai Chand, Savyasachi Gupta, Goutham K Computer vision-based accident detection through video surveillance has become a beneficial but daunting task. YouTube with diverse illumination conditions. Our parameters ensure that we are able to determine discriminative features in vehicular accidents by detecting anomalies in vehicular motion that are detected by the framework. All programs were written in Python3.5 and utilized Keras2.2.4 and Tensorflow1.12.0. The third step in the framework involves motion analysis and applying heuristics to detect different types of trajectory conflicts that can lead to accidents. The intersection over union (IOU) of the ground truth and the predicted boxes is multiplied by the probability of each object to compute the confidence scores. In addition, large obstacles obstructing the field of view of the cameras may affect the tracking of vehicles and in turn the collision detection. applications of traffic surveillance. Before the collision of two vehicular objects, there is a high probability that the bounding boxes of the two objects obtained from Section III-A will overlap. surveillance cameras connected to traffic management systems. Note: This project requires a camera. To contribute to this project, knowledge of basic python scripting, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning will help. All the experiments conducted in relation to this framework validate the potency and efficiency of the proposition and thereby authenticates the fact that the framework can render timely, valuable information to the concerned authorities. The proposed accident detection algorithm includes the following key tasks: Vehicle Detection Vehicle Tracking and Feature Extraction Accident Detection The proposed framework realizes its intended purpose via the following stages: Iii-a Vehicle Detection This phase of the framework detects vehicles in the video. Nowadays many urban intersections are equipped with surveillance cameras connected to traffic management systems. This paper presents a new efficient framework for accident detection at intersections for traffic surveillance applications. Vehicular Traffic has become a substratal part of peoples lives today and it affects numerous human activities and services on a diurnal basis. Next, we normalize the speed of the vehicle irrespective of its distance from the camera using Eq. Accident Detection, Mask R-CNN, Vehicular Collision, Centroid based Object Tracking, Earnest Paul Ijjina1 All the experiments were conducted on Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU @ 2.30GHz with NVIDIA Tesla K80 GPU, 12GB VRAM, and 12GB Main Memory (RAM). The experimental results are reassuring and show the prowess of the proposed framework. to use Codespaces. This paper presents a new efficient framework for accident detection at intersections for traffic surveillance applications. Our approach included creating a detection model, followed by anomaly detection and . The moving direction and speed of road-user pairs that are close to each other are examined based on their trajectories in order to detect anomalies that can cause them to crash. However, one of the limitation of this work is its ineffectiveness for high density traffic due to inaccuracies in vehicle detection and tracking, that will be addressed in future work. This work is evaluated on vehicular collision footage from different geographical regions, compiled from YouTube. Road accidents are a significant problem for the whole world. The next criterion in the framework, C3, is to determine the speed of the vehicles. Section III provides details about the collected dataset and experimental results and the paper is concluded in section section IV. We can observe that each car is encompassed by its bounding boxes and a mask. We determine this parameter by determining the angle () of a vehicle with respect to its own trajectories over a course of an interval of five frames. Otherwise, we discard it. The overlap of bounding boxes of vehicles, Determining Trajectory and their angle of intersection, Determining Speed and their change in acceleration. The framework integrates three major modules, including object detection based on YOLOv4 method, a tracking method based on Kalman filter and Hungarian algorithm with a new cost function, and an accident detection module to analyze the extracted trajectories for anomaly detection. Computer Vision-based Accident Detection in Traffic Surveillance Abstract: Computer vision-based accident detection through video surveillance has become a beneficial but daunting task. This paper presents a new efficient framework for accident detection at intersections . Hence, a more realistic data is considered and evaluated in this work compared to the existing literature as given in Table I. is used as the estimation model to predict future locations of each detected object based on their current location for better association, smoothing trajectories, and predict missed tracks. The second part applies feature extraction to determine the tracked vehicles acceleration, position, area, and direction. The performance is compared to other representative methods in table I. The Trajectory Anomaly () is determined from the angle of intersection of the trajectories of vehicles () upon meeting the overlapping condition C1. Register new objects in the field of view by assigning a new unique ID and storing its centroid coordinates in a dictionary. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. The velocity components are updated when a detection is associated to a target. This explains the concept behind the working of Step 3. The first part takes the input and uses a form of gray-scale image subtraction to detect and track vehicles. We find the change in accelerations of the individual vehicles by taking the difference of the maximum acceleration and average acceleration during overlapping condition (C1). This takes a substantial amount of effort from the point of view of the human operators and does not support any real-time feedback to spontaneous events. the proposed dataset. accident detection by trajectory conflict analysis. The GitHub link contains the source code for this deep learning final year project => Covid-19 Detection in Lungs. We then display this vector as trajectory for a given vehicle by extrapolating it. This framework was evaluated on diverse conditions such as broad daylight, low visibility, rain, hail, and snow using the proposed dataset. Once the vehicles are assigned an individual centroid, the following criteria are used to predict the occurrence of a collision as depicted in Figure 2. The conflicts among road-users do not always end in crashes, however, near-accident situations are also of importance to traffic management systems as they can indicate flaws associated with the signal control system and/or intersection geometry. This function f(,,) takes into account the weightages of each of the individual thresholds based on their values and generates a score between 0 and 1. Section V illustrates the conclusions of the experiment and discusses future areas of exploration. detect anomalies such as traffic accidents in real time. Video processing was done using OpenCV4.0. The existing video-based accident detection approaches use limited number of surveillance cameras compared to the dataset in this work. All programs were written in Python3.5 and utilized Keras2.2.4 and Tensorflow1.12.0. Recently, traffic accident detection is becoming one of the interesting fields due to its tremendous application potential in Intelligent . These steps involve detecting interesting road-users by applying the state-of-the-art YOLOv4 [2]. The result of this phase is an output dictionary containing all the class IDs, detection scores, bounding boxes, and the generated masks for a given video frame. after an overlap with other vehicles. Are you sure you want to create this branch? Nowadays many urban intersections are equipped with https://github.com/krishrustagi/Accident-Detection-System.git, To install all the packages required to run this python program Furthermore, Figure 5 contains samples of other types of incidents detected by our framework, including near-accidents, vehicle-to-bicycle (V2B), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) conflicts. Video processing was done using OpenCV4.0. This parameter captures the substantial change in speed during a collision thereby enabling the detection of accidents from its variation. Road accidents are a significant problem for the whole world. This repository majorly explores how CCTV can detect these accidents with the help of Deep Learning. The primary assumption of the centroid tracking algorithm used is that although the object will move between subsequent frames of the footage, the distance between the centroid of the same object between two successive frames will be less than the distance to the centroid of any other object. Next, we normalize the speed of the vehicle irrespective of its distance from the camera using Eq. have demonstrated an approach that has been divided into two parts. However, it suffers a major drawback in accurate predictions when determining accidents in low-visibility conditions, significant occlusions in car accidents, and large variations in traffic patterns [15]. Although there are online implementations such as YOLOX [5], the latest official version of the YOLO family is YOLOv4 [2], which improves upon the performance of the previous methods in terms of speed and mean average precision (mAP). The framework is built of five modules. Then, to run this python program, you need to execute the main.py python file. Surveillance, Detection of road traffic crashes based on collision estimation, Blind-Spot Collision Detection System for Commercial Vehicles Using Then, the Acceleration (A) of the vehicle for a given Interval is computed from its change in Scaled Speed from S1s to S2s using Eq. 5. This framework was evaluated on diverse conditions such as broad daylight, low visibility, rain, hail, and snow using the proposed dataset. We can minimize this issue by using CCTV accident detection. The Trajectory Anomaly () is determined from the angle of intersection of the trajectories of vehicles () upon meeting the overlapping condition C1. In this paper, we propose a Decision-Tree enabled approach powered by deep learning for extracting anomalies from traffic cameras while accurately estimating the start and end times of the anomalous event. Selecting the region of interest will start violation detection system. 1: The system architecture of our proposed accident detection framework. The surveillance videos at 30 frames per second (FPS) are considered. Even though their second part is a robust way of ensuring correct accident detections, their first part of the method faces severe challenges in accurate vehicular detections such as, in the case of environmental objects obstructing parts of the screen of the camera, or similar objects overlapping their shadows and so on. The spatial resolution of the videos used in our experiments is 1280720 pixels with a frame-rate of 30 frames per seconds. Multiple object tracking (MOT) has been intensively studies over the past decades [18] due to its importance in video analytics applications. Additionally, it performs unsatisfactorily because it relies only on trajectory intersections and anomalies in the traffic flow pattern, which indicates that it wont perform well in erratic traffic patterns and non-linear trajectories. Consider a, b to be the bounding boxes of two vehicles A and B. This algorithm relies on taking the Euclidean distance between centroids of detected vehicles over consecutive frames. Experimental results using real become a beneficial but daunting task. The family of YOLO-based deep learning methods demonstrates the best compromise between efficiency and performance among object detectors. Section II succinctly debriefs related works and literature. While performance seems to be improving on benchmark datasets, many real-world challenges are yet to be adequately considered in research. In this paper, a new framework to detect vehicular collisions is proposed. We estimate the collision between two vehicles and visually represent the collision region of interest in the frame with a circle as show in Figure 4. This is achieved with the help of RoI Align by overcoming the location misalignment issue suffered by RoI Pooling which attempts to fit the blocks of the input feature map. This framework was found effective and paves the way to the development of general-purpose vehicular accident detection algorithms in real-time. In this paper, a neoteric framework for detection of road accidents is proposed. of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Object detection for dummies part 3: r-cnn family, Faster r-cnn: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks, in IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Road traffic injuries and deathsa global problem, Deep spatio-temporal representation for detection of road accidents using stacked autoencoder, https://lilianweng.github.io/lil-log/assets/images/rcnn-family-summary.png, https://www.asirt.org/safe-travel/road-safety-facts/, https://www.cdc.gov/features/globalroadsafety/index.html. Current traffic management technologies heavily rely on human perception of the footage that was captured. This paper conducted an extensive literature review on the applications of . We then normalize this vector by using scalar division of the obtained vector by its magnitude. 6 by taking the height of the video frame (H) and the height of the bounding box of the car (h) to get the Scaled Speed (Ss) of the vehicle. In addition, large obstacles obstructing the field of view of the cameras may affect the tracking of vehicles and in turn the collision detection. This takes a substantial amount of effort from the point of view of the human operators and does not support any real-time feedback to spontaneous events. In order to efficiently solve the data association problem despite challenging scenarios, such as occlusion, false positive or false negative results from the object detection, overlapping objects, and shape changes, we design a dissimilarity cost function that employs a number of heuristic cues, including appearance, size, intersection over union (IOU), and position. In this paper, a neoteric framework for detection of road accidents is proposed. An accident Detection System is designed to detect accidents via video or CCTV footage. The probability of an accident is determined based on speed and trajectory anomalies in a vehicle after an overlap with other vehicles. Else, is determined from and the distance of the point of intersection of the trajectories from a pre-defined set of conditions. Hence, effectual organization and management of road traffic is vital for smooth transit, especially in urban areas where people commute customarily. of IEE Colloquium on Electronics in Managing the Demand for Road Capacity, Proc. In the event of a collision, a circle encompasses the vehicles that collided is shown. Our framework is able to report the occurrence of trajectory conflicts along with the types of the road-users involved immediately. Since in an accident, a vehicle undergoes a degree of rotation with respect to an axis, the trajectories then act as the tangential vector with respect to the axis. 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