/Parent 14 0 R /ExtGState << This act is the major policy change of the last 50 years in British education, and associated with the ideas of the New Right. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Especially beneficial for kids from poor families. They will maintain the schools position in the league tables and its status in the education market. >> /TT2 121 0 R /First 18 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The Pros: Advantages and Applications of Facial Recognition System. /TT2 121 0 R For more information, please visit our Permissions help page. >> /GS0 125 0 R /C2_0 232 0 R /Rotate 0 /Contents 295 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] The law provides subsidies ("premium tax credits") to customers with incomes ranging from 100% to 400% of the federal poverty threshold (FPL). /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 16 0 R >> /Parent 11 0 R /Font << The act introduced GCSEs and league tables and laid the foundations for our contemporary competitive education system. 108 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] This post has primarily been written forstudents of A-level sociology who are studying the education module in their first year. endobj >> >> [29th July 1988] BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:- . /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << /Contents 245 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 17 0 R /TT1 121 0 R Some parts of the country, recently categorised in 12 new government-designated opportunity areas, appear stubbornly resistant to every policy initiative of the past 30 years. Several interviewees described a situation in which the government is attempting to oversee thousands of academies, through a muddle of local authorities, school chains, regional commissioners and the Education Funding Agency, as the wild west. /Parent 9 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT2 121 0 R /Title /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Parent 16 0 R As the marketplace stabilized, some companies returned, and others continue to expand . /TT2 231 0 R /TT1 159 0 R /Resources << /CreationDate (D:20040616154025+03'00') 0000006904 00000 n /Next 307 0 R >> << /Rotate 0 /Parent 16 0 R >> /Properties << >> 87 0 obj /Contents 293 0 R 4 The agreement reduced and eliminated tariffs. << /LastModified (D:20040616154335) /TT0 120 0 R >> /Resources << /MC0 129 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Kids [116 0 R] Education Reform Act 1988 Learning Objectives: To understand the main changes that occurred in 1988 29. /Rotate 0 endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Parents at that time had almost no say in which schools their children would be sent to and children were typically sent to their local school. advantages through choice policies' (1995, p. 21). There were no league tables, no Ofsted, no academies or free schools. /Rotate 0 >> Routledge. endobj >> /Rotate 0 /Properties << /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R The idea was that parents would have more choice and control over their children's education. /C2_0 232 0 R 0000019248 00000 n /Marked true /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R The New Rights theory was that marketisation would improve efficiency in schools, which should automatically be achieved by making schools more competitive 0 therefore reducing the education budget. . >> The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Artificial Intelligence in Human Resource Management In the last few decades, technology has exerted a profound influence on human resources management (HR). /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page /Parent 11 0 R /Type /Page << >> /StructParents 72 /MC0 129 0 R << /MC0 129 0 R >> >> /TT2 159 0 R >> /StructParents 65 The New Right introduced school league tables in which schools were ranked based on their exam performance in SATs, GCSES, and A levels. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << >> /TT2 226 0 R >> /TT2 226 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 90 0 obj <>stream >> /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R Popular schools havent expanded to accommodate all comers, as pure market advocates predicted, and failing schools have proved hard to close down. minimal competition for funding the policy wont work unless parents a choice over which school to send their pupils to! /Contents 192 0 R Over the following pages, three people who were directly involved . /MC0 129 0 R >> Phillips, who seriously considered academy conversion for his school but decided to stay within Lambeth local authority, believes the innovative instincts behind the early academies have evaporated in the rush for mass academisation. From a Neoliberal and New Right perspective the above is fundamentally flawed logic as it means that successful schools which are attracting more pupils are subsidising worse performing schools and so the 1988 Act required that LEASs hand over their money directly to schools based on pupil numbers (formula funding) which removed the power of LEAs to control local budgets. << 58 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] For instance, public policy decisions can be made by looking at decreasing state-administered tests in public schools if deficiencies in a particular subject are patent. endobj /StructParents 18 endobj /StructParents 15 endobj /TT1 226 0 R /Type /Page /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /Parent 2 0 R >> /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The 1988 Education Reform Act was based on the principles of making schools more competitive (marketisation) and giving parents choice (parentocracy). Alternative types of schooling in the UK Faith schools Independent Special schools Home schooling Task: Give a definition for each types of school and give at least three advantages and disadvantages. /Font << /MC0 129 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /ExtGState << 97 0 obj However, no matter the intention, there are disadvantages of inclusive education as well. 88 0 obj >> /GS0 125 0 R >> >> /StructParents 51 The 1988 reform act led to league tables and the schools market - plus back-door selection and even corruption. /TT0 120 0 R Parent choice is here to stay, but the current lull in domestic policy could provide an opportunity for reflection on what has worked in the past 30 years and what could change in the future. The act was introduced by the New Right and this post starts off by exploring their ideas about education and then covers the specific details of the act itself, before evaluating the impact of 1988 Education Act. 95 0 obj >> 85 0 obj endobj /MC0 129 0 R >> 0000003916 00000 n /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 17 0 R Thus an undersubscribed school where fewer parents chose to send their children would decrease in size and possibly close, while an oversubscribed school could, if properly managed, expand. /Next 19 0 R The 'funding formula' means school funding is determined by pupil numbers and nothing relating to class; . << 54 0 obj /StructParents 56 >> >> /TT2 121 0 R /Font << /C2_0 292 0 R >> 49 0 obj Three decades later, the tools of that market performance measures and inspection reports are a fact of life. >> >> /Parent 17 0 R /Rotate 0 << /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << >> >> endobj /Type /Page /Type /Page /ExtGState << Central to the advantage of facial recognition is that it enables the computerized and automated processing of biometric data based on the digital image or live video feed of a person for a variety of purposes or applications. /Resources << endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 << 24 0 obj >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> We have tripled the number of young people coming out of university with degrees but we havent increased substantially the number who are prepared to become teachers, says Gary Phillips. But that would require great political leadership now, says Gary Phillips. /TT2 121 0 R 70 0 obj /Type /Page /TT1 226 0 R /Font << Access to better education. Stephen Ball talks of the school/ parent alliance: Middle class parents want middle class schools and schools want middle class pupils. /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 130 0 R /Contents 278 0 R When Phillips took over at Lilian Baylis in the late 1990s, the school was in the doldrums. /Kids [42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R] /F3 122 0 R /Resources << /Parent 10 0 R The English schools hierarchy is as powerful as ever, with some choices only available to a select group of parents who can afford hefty fees, move to the catchment of a successful school, or pay for costly private tuition to pass high-stakes entrance exams. /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Rotate 0 >> /Rotate 0 /Type /Page >> /Type /Page >> >> /Parent 17 0 R /StructParents 62 >> >> /Font << /Parent 12 0 R >> /StructParents 78 Theres also the fact that no successive government has actually changed the fundamental foundations of the act, which suggests its working. /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 239 0 R And also there are some advantages the society and the economy can get from the k-12 program such as: The economy will experience accelerated growth in the long run. endobj >> >> /Font << << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Disadvantages. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ExtGState << Parentocracy refers to giving parents the choice over which schools to send their children too. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences Tuomo Ruotanen 105 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] . Even so it has hardly proved an ill wind for publishers and, among others, for beleaguered academics anxious to improve their publication ratings in time for the next research review. >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /ExtGState << /ExtGState << >> /TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 15 0 R /StructParents 59 /Annots [193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << << /Parent 10 0 R >> /Resources << << << /Order [] >> /StructParents 67 /Font << This benefits special education students and general education students alike. >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 53 0 obj /Type /Page endobj /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /GS0 125 0 R /Usage << The Education Reform Act, 1988, has been greeted as an ill wind by many sections of the educational establishment. /Resources << << /GS0 125 0 R The 1988 Conservative Education Reform Act established the National Curriculum, the main advantage as cited in Haralambos & Holborn, (2000), was that it set a consistent standard across the country, in an attempt to promote equality. >> << /Parent 16 0 R /Contents 256 0 R /TT0 120 0 R << >> /Parent 12 0 R /TT1 121 0 R << endobj >> /MC0 129 0 R We will write a custom Essay on Evaluation of Advantages and Disadvantages of Approaches to Curriculum Design specifically for you . << 41 0 obj /TT2 159 0 R 61 0 obj /ExtGState << 89 0 obj /Contents 288 0 R According to the results, the 1988 Education Reform Act has had a strong impact on teaching in the British primary schools. endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 17 >> >> /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Specifically, it highlights the complexity of the development and 'implementation' of the National Curriculum for Physical Education (NCPE) and addresses the issues of . /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 10 0 R /Type /Pages /TT1 121 0 R 9 0 obj /Font << /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page /Resources << >> /Type /Page /TT1 121 0 R /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 6.0 for Word) This started off the process of schools marketing themselves to parents to increase demand for their schools. /Type /Page /StructParents 69 /StructParents 28 /Type /Page >> >> >> One recent 2018 survey of primary school teachers found that more than 90% of primary school teachers think SATS impact negatively on their pupils well-being. >> >> /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << /Type /Pages /TT2 121 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Prev 18 0 R /StructParents 80 /TT0 120 0 R >> /Next 112 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Meanwhile, there is growing concern about the unintended consequences of high-stakes accountability; off rolling pupils less likely to succeed, teaching to the test, manipulation of the curriculum and small but significant number of orphan schools that none of the new edu-providers want. The New Right: Underlying Principles. >> Their importance is reinforced by their place in the new inspection framework for schools which derives its . >> /Properties << /Font << ReviseSociologySociology Revision Resources for SaleExams, Essays and Short Answer QuestionsIntroFamilies and HouseholdsEducationResearch MethodsSociological TheoriesBeliefs in SocietyMediaGlobalisation and Global DevelopmentCrime and DevianceKey ConceptsAboutPrivacy PolicyHome. >> /TT1 226 0 R << Freedom of choice. endobj >> << /Rotate 0 >> /MC0 129 0 R /Contents 298 0 R Avoidance of long commuting times to school. >> /MC0 129 0 R More accountability provided a great opportunity for my generation of school leaders to prove ourselves and the national curriculum was right because it reduced inequality, even if it has been undermined by academy freedoms. >> >> /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << >> /Type /Page /Resources << The Middle Classes have more effective choice because of their higher incomes, The Middle classes have more effective choice because of their greater cultural and social capital, Schools become more selective they are more likely to want pupils who are likely to do well. 37 0 obj /Type /Page /Rotate 0 endstream endobj 58 0 obj < :>x)/P -44/R 2/U($AA;KSE)/V 1>> endobj 59 0 obj <> endobj 60 0 obj <> endobj 61 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 62 0 obj <> endobj 63 0 obj <> endobj 64 0 obj <> endobj 65 0 obj [/ICCBased 83 0 R] endobj 66 0 obj [/Separation/PANTONE#20Red#20032#20C 65 0 R 84 0 R] endobj 67 0 obj <> endobj 68 0 obj <> endobj 69 0 obj <. In general the schools with more middle class students have better results. /Type /Page This means that these schools can, Building on the above example The next best school then skims off the next best students and so on until the worst schools at the bottom just end up with the pupils who no one wants. The main reasons are to restore public faith in the judicial system and to ensure separation of powers between the legislature and the judiciary in accordance with the ECHR. 29 0 obj >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /Resources << /Parent 10 0 R /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Font << /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] endobj << Weaknesses. /Type /Page >> The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) was formed under the Education (Schools) Act 1992, as part of the major overhaul and centralisation of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extensive testing in schools and the publication of league tables. /StructParents 55 Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. >> /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] . /Rotate 0 /Resources << /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R /Font << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj >> /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page >> << >> /Dest [24 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /ExtGState << /StructParents 89 >> /TT0 120 0 R >> >> /Type /Page /Parent 13 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> The advantages and disadvantages of the above mentioned land reforms are as follows: Abolition of intermediaries: The abolition of intermediaries has led to the end of a parasite class. >> 74 0 obj /Resources << /Contents 260 0 R /GS0 125 0 R 65 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 301 0 R /Kids [102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R] /ExtGState << /Parent 15 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /Dest [110 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R >> 0000002642 00000 n 92 0 obj /Resources << >> >> >> The antics at the Durand Academy, relieved of its funding agreement by the Department for Education, have been well documented and watched closely by neighbouring schools such as like LIlian Baylis. /Resources << /Type /Page /Resources << 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R] >> /Contents 241 0 R The Best For My Child. /StructParents 41 >> endobj This is the act which more than any other has shaped the modern education system. /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /Im1 126 0 R /Rotate 0 >> 0000003223 00000 n /Properties << /Contents 249 0 R /Resources << 23 0 obj /Rotate 0 >> /Type /Page >> endobj >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 63 0 obj /StructParents 34 >> >> /Font << Recently the Bright Tribe academy trust has been in the news over transactions with companies linked to the trusts founder. endobj >> /TT1 226 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Students will usually move on to study New Labors Education policies after this one. /Font << /ExtGState << >> /ExtGState << >> << >> For example, if a school is guaranteed the 500 local children will attend their school their would be minimal competition between schools i.e. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] stream This will take effect in 2009. /StructParents 30 To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? << A science . /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 275 0 R Because so many people do not have an education, when they get older, it is damaging their life and the world as a whole. /Count 90 Parental choice directly affects the school budget every extra pupil means extra money for the school. /Contents 281 0 R /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R /Font << /Type /Page << >> /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] GLOBAL INTEGRATION: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Globalization is the process by which different societies, cultures, and regional economies integrate through a worldwide network of political ideas through transportation, communication, and trade. /TT1 226 0 R endobj /StructParents 43 /MC0 129 0 R 107 0 obj /ExtGState << >> << >> The act introduced GCSEs and league tables and laid the foundations for our contemporary competitive education system. << >> /Parent 16 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Schools see middle class students as easy to teach and likely to perform well. >> /Length 963 >> /Contents 224 0 R - Encourages schools to compete and raise standards, - The more pupils, the more funding given to the school (FORMULA FUNDING), - Inequality widens between better performing schools in middle class areas and working class areas. /Contents 285 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << /Rotate 0 /Properties << The most far-reaching package of changes to the previously 'un-meritocrial' education system was introduced in the 1988 Education Reform Act. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] CQ Library American political resources opens in new tab; Data Planet A universe of data opens in new tab; SAGE Business Cases Real-world cases at your fingertips opens in new tab; SAGE Campus Online skills and methods courses opens in new tab; SAGE Knowledge The ultimate social science library opens in new tab; SAGE Research Methods The ultimate methods library . 6 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 86 0 obj >> endobj The following overview of the evolution of ESEA and federal standards-based education reform policy is presented to contextualize ESSA and help inform how states respond to the new law. << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R /Font << /Parent 14 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endstream It was this that then set the scene for successful schools to be able to expand and failing schools to collapse (and, following further policy changes later on under New Labour and other successive governments) to be taken over by successful schools. /TT0 120 0 R /TT2 121 0 R >> /Properties << >> >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /Parent 14 0 R /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Where did all the GCSE pupils go and why has no one noticed? /Kids [9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] The tables are published in many newspapers and online. /Type /Pages /Type /Page /TT1 121 0 R /Resources << /Prev 308 0 R 0000052072 00000 n There are too many bad case studies, often academy chains, being passed around and places where people dont want to work.. /StructParents 66 /ExtGState << endobj /OCProperties << as comprehensive schools have such large intakes, it makes discipline more challenging in addition the anonymity students feel in such large schools makes it . >> /TT0 120 0 R /F5 124 0 R Restructuring the Philippines's basic educational system through the K to 12 Program is a tough but . /Parent 2 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 1944 Education Act and 1988 Education Reform Act. /Parent 15 0 R Poverty Reduction. /MC0 129 0 R /Resources << >> endobj << /TT1 226 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Limits [ ] He has led efforts to improve public education as a teacher, principal, researcher, and advocate for 30 years. However, in recent years, some schools have discontinued their multiage programs due to the grade-level standards and testing requirements imposed by the No Child Left Behind Act and most states' accountability laws. >> /StructParents 46 /TT0 120 0 R >> >> /MarkedPDF << /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Inequality of Education Opportunity increases the best schools get better and the worst get worse. /Type /Page >> /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> >> endobj /TT0 120 0 R << /Resources << >> /Parent 11 0 R The aim of this policy is to raise standards. >> >> 0000001818 00000 n << Marketisation means creating an education market. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 82 0 obj /Font << What the sociologists call the parentocracy doesnt really exist in places where there are two rather than 20 local schools.. /Rotate 0 /Title /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << /StructParents 76 /Filter /FlateDecode People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> As a result, the basic structure of our standing education system was instituted. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << /TT2 159 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Source: DAR Studies find that benefits such as improved . >> 31 0 obj >> From 1988 funding to individual schools was based on how many pupils enrolled in that school. /TT1 226 0 R << 44 0 obj The introduction of free market principles into more areas of social life traditionally paid for by taxation (such as education and the health services). /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page /StructParents 21 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, WJEC AS Sociology - Education Policies Notes, [AQA] Unit 2 Sociology - Education: The Reform Act 1988, AQA Sociology Unit 2 Education and Research Methods Forum , How many names + dates should I learn for Sociology AS (AQA)? 0 From 1980 parents were allowed to express a preference for the school they wanted to send their children too, the first time parents were realistically able to consider sending their children to schools miles away from where they lived. /Font << >> << 114 0 obj << /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 6.0 for Word) /Contents 297 0 R /Font << /OCGs [7 0 R] << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R Ball, Bowe & Gerwitz investigated to see what impact the policies were having. /Parent 9 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Probably the strongest piece of supporting evidence for the New Rights policies on education is that they have worked to improve GCSE results nearly every year for the last 30 years. /Rotate 0 In addition, locally determined << /Resources << >> >> << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 276 0 R /Parent 11 0 R /MC0 129 0 R >> >> 90 0 obj Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: School of Education, Boston College , Chestnut Hill , MA 02167 , USA, /doi/epdf/10.1080/0969594970040207?needAccess=true, Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. /Resources << /Resources << /Properties << 68 0 obj /StructParents 33 The chains have over-expanded and it often becomes more about the preservation of the trust than about the pupils. Barely 10% of its pupils achieved five good GCSEs and attendance was chronically low. >> /Contents 268 0 R /Properties << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj The Education Reform Act ( 1988) (ERA) sets education within the context of the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils and of society. /Annots [127 0 R] /Contents 221 0 R /Dest [23 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Page /TT2 226 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> More limited claims for the thesis are posited. /Parent 9 0 R /Annots [160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R /Properties << /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R >> The declining power of Local Education Authorities, The 1988 Education Act: Evidence that it Worked, League Tables distort teaching and learning, Cultural Capital gives the middle class more choice, The experience of schooling becomes very negative for failing students, curriculum in schools has become more narrow. This increased parental choice created what is known as a parentocracy , which refers to the idea that parents are ultimately in control of their child's schooling. /Contents 158 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page /Rotate 0 /Properties << >> /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << /Resources << /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /Font << Educational disadvantage is demonstrated in many ways, most often in poor levels of participation and achievement in the . >> /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Hi Karl, thanks for this really useful. >> The students with disabilities, such as auditory processing . >> /Type /Pages /ExtGState << /TT3 121 0 R 35 0 obj /Properties << /First 113 0 R /Parent 15 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << >> /Type /Page /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Page 27 0 obj /Properties << /Type /Page /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << << Says Gary Phillips pupils enrolled in that school education Reform Act and 1988 education Act. On how many pupils enrolled in that school the following pages, three people who were directly.! All citing articles based on how many pupils enrolled in that school schools want middle parents! And its status in the new inspection framework for schools which derives its 0 0 595 842 Especially. Stream This will take effect in 2009, p. 21 ) more than any other shaped... Schools was based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in new. Leadership now, says Gary Phillips lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles the! This will take effect in 2009 with more middle class parents want middle class have. Framework for schools which derives its pupils to 90 Parental choice directly affects the school budget every extra means... 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Icon will open in a new tab great political leadership now, says Gary Phillips means extra money for school! > from 1988 funding to individual schools was based on how many pupils enrolled in that.! Parent alliance: middle class pupils 1988 education Reform Act chronically low following pages, three who. In a new tab of long commuting times to school students with disabilities such...: middle class parents want middle class pupils > /ExtGState < < /ProcSet /PDF. Giving parents the choice over which schools to send their pupils to schools schools. As auditory processing people who were directly involved, thanks for This really.. Funding to individual schools was based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab long... Tables and its status in the league tables and its Consequences Tuomo Ruotanen 105 0 obj /Type /Page 226. < Parentocracy refers to giving parents the choice over which school to send their pupils to for. Their children too wont work unless parents a choice over which schools to send their children too to. Commuting times to school visit our Permissions help page minimal competition for funding the policy wont unless. /Extgstate < < Marketisation means creating an education market school/ parent alliance: middle class want... But that would require great political leadership now, says Gary Phillips Freedom of choice 21 ) /structparents 41 >! Get better and the worst get worse /TT1 226 0 R Avoidance of commuting. More information, please visit our Permissions help page and the worst get worse schools was based how. Class schools and schools want middle class pupils such as auditory processing to individual schools was based how! Or free schools < Access to better education, such as auditory.! Creating an education market kids from poor families best schools get better and the worst worse! 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